Résumé
The current standard model of cosmology - the CDM model - is appropriately named after its controversial foreign ingredients: a cosmological constant () that accounts for the recent accelerated expansion of the Universe and cold dark matter needed to explain the formation and dynamics of large scale structures. Together, these form the dark sector, whose nature remains a mystery. After 25 years of withstanding confirmation and support for the CDM model, enough to bypass some of its unclear theoretical issues, this paradigm is facing its biggest crisis yet. The rapid advent of technology has brought cosmology to an unprecedented observational era, with increased technical precision and the emergence of independent measures, including probes of phenomena that were thought impossible to detect or even exist, such as the gravitational ripples that propagate in the spacetime. However, such precision has unveiled cracks in the porcelain of CDM, with pieces that seem glued together and difficult to reconcile. Particularly worrying is the apparent lack of compatibility between measurements of the Universe's present expansion rate based on local measurements and those based on phenomena that occurred far in the early Universe and that can only be translated into present quantities through physical propagation under a cosmological model. In this dissertation, we delve into extensions to the standard model that consider alternatives to the mysterious nature of the dark sector and any possible new interactions therein. We analyse these alternative models, hoping to identify measurable observational signatures of extra degrees of freedom in the dark sector.