Abstract
High voltage direct current (HVDC) cable systems are traditionally the best solution for long-distance submarine transmission, but are not very common on land. However, the improved performance of AC/DC converters, in terms of cost and power throughput, and public concerns for the environmental and visual impact of overhead lines, are making HVDC cable technology more and more appealing. Indeed, it is generally believed that the increasing penetration of HVDC cable transmission will make the world grid smarter, fostering flexibility, reliability, and sustainability by integration of renewables, which are often far away from load centers. This has led to a near exponential growth of HVDC cable lines worldwide in the past two decades.