Abstract
For years, external insulin pumps have enjoyed proven efficacy as an intensive diabetes treatment to improve glycaemic control and reduce hypoglycaemia. Since the last ALFEDIAM guidelines in 1995, however, basal-bolus treatment using a combination of long- and short-acting insulin analogues have emerged and could challenge, at a lower cost, the efficacy of pumps using rapid-acting insulin analogues, considered the 'gold standard' of insulin treatment. Nevertheless, given its theoretical and practical advantages, some patients will derive more benefit from pump treatment. These cases have been carefully evaluated in the literature by a panel of experts appointed by ALFEDIAM to determine the indications for pump treatment. In patients with type 1 diabetes, persistent elevated HbA(1c) despite multiple daily injections (MDI), and repeated hypoglycaemia and high glycaemic variability, represent the most validated indications. In patients with type 2 diabetes, pump treatment may be indicated in cases of MDI failure to achieve HbA(1c) targets. Absolute contraindications are rare, and comprise severe psychiatric disorders, rapidly progressing ischaemic or proliferative retinopathy before laser treatment and exposure to high magnetic fields. Relative contraindications are mostly related to the patient's lack of compliance or inability to cope with the treatment, and need to be evaluated individually to clearly assess the benefit/risk ratio for the given patient. However, as these conditions are progressive, there should also be annual reassessment of the appropriateness of pump treatment. Specific education on pump treatment initially and throughout the follow-up, delivered by experienced medical and paramedical teams, are the best guarantees of treatment efficacy and safety.