Abstract
Per-or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are man-made compounds involved in compositions of many industrial processes and consumer products. They are categorized into two main families based on their molar mass: though low molar mass-products (<1000 Da) are toxic, mobile, bioaccumulable and cross the human membranes, others of much higher molar masses, e.g., fluorinated macromolecules and especially fluoropolymers are safe, reliable, do not face such concerns, do not cross the membranes (hence, they are regarded as Polymers of Low Concern) and are involved in many applications including medical products and high value-added materials and devices. Because the former family has led to a severe global contamination, recent regulating agencies in Europe (REACH) and USA (EPA) have aimed at restricting fluorochemicals. Recently, the consultation from affected organisms and industries have led to more than 5,600 answers and comments. This review supplies an update on the overall situation of PFAS, their limitations, regulations, end of life, degradations and possible alternatives.