Unveiling an intricate relationship: Ficus trees, their associated wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) and another story of invasion in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe

The plant genus Ficus (Moraceae) includes keystone tree species in tropical ecosystems, providing essential resources for a wide range of animals. Due to their ornamental value, fig trees have been introduced beyond their native ranges, often accompanied by their natural pollinators, which in some cases has led to ecological invasions. This study documents, for the first time, the presence of several pollinating and nonpollinating fig wasps (Chalcidoidea) on the Iberian Peninsula, focusing on three exotic Ficus species: