Résumé
The world’s soils harbor an immense but as of yet inadequately measured and understood biodiversity, that perform essential ecosystem services in both undisturbed and agroecological and industrial agricultural systems. However, this vast natural resource is threatened by climate and land use change as well as unsustainable management practices, although the extent of these impacts on soil biodiversity and its vital functions for sustaining soil health and food security have not been adequately assessed worldwide. As part of the updated action plan of the International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Soil Biodiversity, established originally by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2002, a Global Soil Biodiversity Observatory was proposed in 2020 to assess and monitor soil biodiversity worldwide. Here, we review the historical background (particularly as it relates to the CBD), as well as the scientific and political context of this decision. Furthermore, we provide guidance on and a framework to assess the potential to undertake soil biodiversity monitoring in different countries, using scientifically based and agreed criteria related to a minimum set and wider optional range of soil biological variables. Finally, recommendations for improving understanding and monitoring capacity as well as funding mechanisms and political support for these activities are also reviewed.