Abstract
The growing concern over water pollution and waste management requires innovative solutions that promote resource efficiency within a circular economy. This study aims to utilize rice husk (RH) as a sustainable feedstock to develop highly porous silica particles and generate valuable by-products, addressing the dual challenges of waste reduction and water contamination. We hypothesize that optimizing the production of amorphous silica from acid-washed RH will enhance its adsorptive properties and facilitate the concurrent generation of bio-oil and syngas. Amorphous silica particles were extracted from acid-washed RH with a yield of 15 wt% using a combination of acid washing at 100 • C, pyrolysis at 500 • C, and calcination at 700 • C with controlled heating at 2 • C/min. The optimized material (RH2-SiO 2 ), composed of small (60-200 nm) and large (50-200 µm) particles, had a specific surface area of 320 m 2 /g, with funnel-shaped pores with diameters from 17 nm to 4 nm and showed a maximum cadmium adsorption capacity of 407 mg Cd/g SiO 2 . Additionally, the pyrolysis process yielded CO-rich syngas and bio-oil with an elevated phenolic content, demonstrating a higher bio-oil yield and reduced gas production compared to untreated RH. Some limitations were identified, including the need for bio-oil upgrading, further research into the application of RH2-SiO 2 for wastewater treatment, and the scaling-up of adsorbent production. Despite the challenges, these results contribute to the development of a promising adsorbent for water pollution control while enhancing the value of agricultural waste and moving closer to a circular economy model.