Résumé
Background: The dramatic increase in intravitreal injections (IVTs) has been accompanied by a greater need for safer procedures. The ongoing debate about topical antibiotic prophylaxis after IVTs emphasizes the importance of large-scale studies. We aimed to study the role of topical antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing the risk of acute endophthalmitis after IVTs. Methods: Population-based cohort study, in France, from 2009 to 2018, including all French patients receiving IVTs of corticosteroids or anti-VEGF agents. Results: A total of 5,291,420 IVTs were performed on 605,434 patients. The rate of topical antibiotic prophylaxis after IVTs progressively decreased during the study period, with a sharp drop in 2014 (from 84.6% in 2009 to 27.4% in 2018). Acute endophthalmitis occurred in 1274 cases (incidence rate = 0.0241%). Although antibiotic prophylaxis did not alter the risk of endophthalmitis (p = 0.06), univariate analysis showed an increased risk after fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside prophylaxis. This increased risk was not found in multivariate analysis. However, we observed an increased risk related to the use of fixed combinations of fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides with corticosteroids (IRR = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.57–2.27%, antibiotics combined with corticosteroids). Conclusion: These results are consistent with the literature. Endophthalmitis rates after IVTs did not decrease with topical antibiotic prophylaxis. The use of a combination of antibiotics and corticosteroids doubles the risk of endophthalmitis and should be avoided. Avoiding antibiotic prophylaxis would reduce the costs and the potential risks of antibiotic resistance.