The Spectrum and Morphology of the $Fermi$ Bubbles

M. Ackermann; A. Albert; W.B. Atwood; L. Baldini; J. Ballet; G. Barbiellini; D. Bastieri; R. Bellazzini; E. Bissaldi; R.D. Blandford; E.D. Bloom; E. Bottacini; T.J. Brandt; J. Bregeon; P. Bruel; R. Buehler; S. Buson; G.A. Caliandro; R.A. Cameron; M. Caragiulo; P.A. Caraveo; E. Cavazzuti; C. Cecchi; E. Charles; A. Chekhtman; J. Chiang; G. Chiaro; S. Ciprini; R. Claus; Johann Cohen-Tanugi; J. Conrad; S. Cutini; F. d'Ammando; A. de Angelis; F. de Palma; C.D. Dermer; S.W. Digel; L. Di Venere; E. Do Couto E Silva; P.S. Drell; C. Favuzzi; E.C. Ferrara; W.B. Focke; A. Franckowiak; Y. Fukazawa; S. Funk; P. Fusco; F. Gargano; D. Gasparrini; S. Germani; N. Giglietto; F. Giordano; M. Giroletti; G. Godfrey; G.A. Gomez-Vargas; I.A. Grenier; S. Guiriec; D. Hadasch; A.K. Harding; E. Hays; J.W. Hewitt; X. Hou; T. Jogler; G. Jóhannesson; A.S. Johnson; W.N. Johnson; T. Kamae; J. Kataoka; J. Knödlseder; D. Kocevski; M. Kuss; S. Larsson; L. Latronico; F. Longo; F. Loparco; M.N. Lovellette; P. Lubrano; D. Malyshev; A. Manfreda; F. Massaro; M. Mayer; M.N. Mazziotta; J.E. Mcenery; P.F. Michelson; W. Mitthumsiri; T. Mizuno; M.E. Monzani; A. Morselli; I.V. Moskalenko; S. Murgia; R. Nemmen; E. Nuss; T. Ohsugi; N. Omodei; M. Orienti; E. Orlando; J.F. Ormes; D. Paneque; J.H. Panetta; J.S. Perkins; M. Pesce-Rollins; V. Petrosian; F. Piron; G. Pivato; S. Rainò; R. Rando; M. Razzano; S. Razzaque; A. Reimer; O. Reimer; M. Sánchez-Conde; M. Schaal; A. Schulz; C. Sgrò; E.J. Siskind; G. Spandre; P. Spinelli; Ł Stawarz; A.W. Strong; D.J. Suson; M. Tahara; H. Takahashi; J.B. Thayer; L. Tibaldo; M. Tinivella; D.F. Torres; G. Tosti; E. Troja; Y. Uchiyama; G. Vianello; M. Werner; B.L. Winer; K.S. Wood; M. Wood; G. Zaharijas

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64

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The Spectrum and Morphology of the $Fermi$ Bubbles

Journal article

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The Spectrum and Morphology of the $Fermi$ Bubbles

M. Ackermann, A. Albert, W.B. Atwood, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, D. Bastieri, R. Bellazzini, E. Bissaldi, R.D. Blandford, …

The Astrophysical Journal, Vol.793(1)

2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/64

Abstract

astroparticle physics

cosmic rays

Galaxy: general

Galaxy: halo

gamma rays: diffuse background

methods: data analysis

gamma ray: emission

cosmic radiation: galaxy

gamma ray: halo

lepton: secondary

model: hadronic

bubble

magnetic field

synchrotron

enhancement

luminosity

microwaves

gamma ray: energy spectrum

background

electron

Compton scattering

GLAST

Planck

WMAP

The Fermi bubbles are two large structures in the gamma-ray sky extending to 55° above and below the Galactic center. We analyze 50 months of Fermi Large Area Telescope data between 100 MeV and 500 GeV above 10° in Galactic latitude to derive the spectrum and morphology of the Fermi bubbles. We thoroughly explore the systematic uncertainties that arise when modeling the Galactic diffuse emission through two separate approaches. The gamma-ray spectrum is well described by either a log parabola or a power law with an exponential cutoff. We exclude a simple power law with more than 7σ significance. The power law with an exponential cutoff has an index of 1.9 ± 0.2 and a cutoff energy of 110 ± 50 GeV. We find that the gamma-ray luminosity of the bubbles is $4.4^{+2.4}_{-0.9} \times 10^{37}$ erg s(–)(1). We confirm a significant enhancement of gamma-ray emission in the southeastern part of the bubbles, but we do not find significant evidence for a jet. No significant variation of the spectrum across the bubbles is detected. The width of the boundary of the bubbles is estimated to be $3.4^{+3.7}_{-2.6}$ deg. Both inverse Compton (IC) models and hadronic models including IC emission from secondary leptons fit the gamma-ray data well. In the IC scenario, synchrotron emission from the same population of electrons can also explain the WMAP and Planck microwave haze with a magnetic field between 5 and 20 μG.

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Title: The Spectrum and Morphology of the $Fermi$ Bubbles
Creators - without role: M. Ackermann - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
A. Albert - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
W.B. Atwood - University of California, Santa Cruz
L. Baldini - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
J. Ballet - CEA Paris-Saclay
G. Barbiellini - University of Trieste
D. Bastieri - University of Padua
R. Bellazzini - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
E. Bissaldi - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
R.D. Blandford - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
E.D. Bloom - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
E. Bottacini - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
T.J. Brandt - Goddard Space Flight Center
J. Bregeon - Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier - LUPM
P. Bruel - École Polytechnique
R. Buehler - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
S. Buson - University of Padua
G.A. Caliandro - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
R.A. Cameron - Stanford University
M. Caragiulo - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
P.A. Caraveo - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano
E. Cavazzuti - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
C. Cecchi - University of Perugia
E. Charles - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
A. Chekhtman - George Mason University
J. Chiang - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
G. Chiaro - University of Padua
S. Ciprini - Astronomical Observatory of Rome
R. Claus - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Johann Cohen-Tanugi - Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier - LUPM
J. Conrad - Stockholm University
S. Cutini - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
F. d'Ammando
A. de Angelis - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
F. de Palma - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
C.D. Dermer - United States Naval Research Laboratory
S.W. Digel - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
L. Di Venere - Polytechnic University of Bari
E. Do Couto E Silva
P.S. Drell - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
C. Favuzzi - Polytechnic University of Bari
E.C. Ferrara - Goddard Space Flight Center
W.B. Focke - Stanford University
A. Franckowiak - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Y. Fukazawa - Hiroshima University
S. Funk - Stanford University
P. Fusco - Polytechnic University of Bari
F. Gargano - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
D. Gasparrini - Astronomical Observatory of Rome
S. Germani - University of Perugia
N. Giglietto - Polytechnic University of Bari
F. Giordano - Polytechnic University of Bari
M. Giroletti - Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
G. Godfrey - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
G.A. Gomez-Vargas - Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
I.A. Grenier - CEA Paris-Saclay
S. Guiriec - Goddard Space Flight Center
D. Hadasch - Universität Innsbruck
A.K. Harding - Goddard Space Flight Center
E. Hays - Goddard Space Flight Center
J.W. Hewitt - Goddard Space Flight Center
X. Hou - Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
T. Jogler - Stanford University
G. Jóhannesson - University of Iceland
A.S. Johnson - Stanford University
W.N. Johnson - United States Naval Research Laboratory
T. Kamae - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
J. Kataoka - Waseda University
J. Knödlseder - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
D. Kocevski - Goddard Space Flight Center
M. Kuss - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
S. Larsson - Stockholm University
L. Latronico - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino
F. Longo - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
F. Loparco - Polytechnic University of Bari
M.N. Lovellette - United States Naval Research Laboratory
P. Lubrano - University of Perugia
D. Malyshev - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
A. Manfreda - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
F. Massaro - Yale University
M. Mayer - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
M.N. Mazziotta - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
J.E. Mcenery - University of Maryland, College Park
P.F. Michelson - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
W. Mitthumsiri - Mahidol University
T. Mizuno - Hiroshima University
M.E. Monzani - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
A. Morselli - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata
I.V. Moskalenko - Stanford University
S. Murgia - University of California, Irvine
R. Nemmen - University of Maryland, Baltimore County
E. Nuss - Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier - LUPM
T. Ohsugi - Hiroshima University
N. Omodei - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
M. Orienti - Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
E. Orlando - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
J.F. Ormes - University of Denver
D. Paneque - Max Planck Institute for Physics
J.H. Panetta - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
J.S. Perkins - Goddard Space Flight Center
M. Pesce-Rollins - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
V. Petrosian - Stanford University
F. Piron - Université de Montpellier, Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier - LUPM
G. Pivato - University of Padua
S. Rainò - Polytechnic University of Bari
R. Rando - University of Padua
M. Razzano - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
S. Razzaque - University of Johannesburg
A. Reimer - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
O. Reimer - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
M. Sánchez-Conde - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
M. Schaal - National Academy of Sciences
A. Schulz - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
C. Sgrò - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
E.J. Siskind - Real Time Tomography
G. Spandre - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
P. Spinelli - Polytechnic University of Bari
Ł Stawarz - Jagiellonian University
A.W. Strong - Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
D.J. Suson - Purdue University Northwest
M. Tahara - Waseda University
H. Takahashi - Hiroshima University
J.B. Thayer - Stanford University
L. Tibaldo - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
M. Tinivella - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
D.F. Torres - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
G. Tosti - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia
E. Troja - Goddard Space Flight Center
Y. Uchiyama
G. Vianello - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
M. Werner - Universität Innsbruck
B.L. Winer - The Ohio State University
K.S. Wood - United States Naval Research Laboratory
M. Wood - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
G. Zaharijas - The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP)
Publication Details: The Astrophysical Journal, Vol.793(1)
Identifiers: 9935355009311
Academic Unit: Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier - LUPM
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article
Local Fields: hal-02017063