Abstract
Climate changes in the Iberian Peninsula sincethe Last Glacial Maximum are associated with distribu-tional shifts of major Mediterranean and European temper-ate species. The dynamic relationship between climate andspecies in the past may be retrieved from the fossil recordsavailable in the Iberian Peninsula. We have used an exten-sive set of pollen records to reconstruct spatial layers (1 kyrinterval) of January minimum temperature, July maximumtemperature, and annual precipitation over the time periodbetween 15 and 3 ka. A functional principal component anal-ysis was used to summarise the spatial evolution of climate inareas that share similar climate trends. When compared be-tween them, the identified four areas show different climatetrends over the studied period and are coherent with the exis-tence of multiple refugial areas within the Iberian Peninsula.