Résumé
This article is an original contribution to reconsider social protection mechanisms in contexts of rural extreme poverty from the perspective of One Health approach. Poor individuals in rural areas confront a set of risks stemming from climate, agriculture, livestock, health, and nutrition. This article introduces new perspectives in understanding the interplay between climate change and development. By delving into the interconnection between human, non-human animal, and environmental health issues, the One Health approach offers an original outlook for redefining the development of social protection programs. Then, this article operationalizes this approach in the context of southern Madagascar, a region characterized by the prevalence and interaction of human health issues (e.g. diseases, water and food scarcity), animal health issues (e.g. diseases, water and food scarcity), and environmental issues (e.g. drought, flood, wind). Using a mixed method incorporating original data, this article investigates the array of social protection mechanisms in response to diverse risks (human health, animal health, and environment health). The findings of this article underscore (i) the importance of interactions among human, animal and environmental risks and (ii) the inadequacy of social protection mechanisms in addressing these risks.