Abstract
An integrative model of approach and avoidance goals in achievement contexts is proposed based on theconcepts and principles of nonlinear dynamical systems. These goals are conceptualized as self-organizing systems in which information relevant to competence expectancies and perceptions of benefitand threat for the self is integrated with respect to either a single coherent state (static integration)or2conflicting coherent states (dynamic integration). Mathematical equations depict the emergence ofapproach and avoidance attractor dynamics from the proposed integration process. The model specifiesthe conditions under which states of goal involvement will display patterns of resistance (stability),oscillation between approach and avoidance (instability), or reversal (nonlinear change). As a result, thismodel of approach and avoidance goals equips previous dynamical models of self-regulation with greatersocial–cognitive substance. It also provides a parsimonious account of achievement motivation andresolves lingering inconsistencies and uncertainties in the achievement goal literature. Moreover, thedynamical systems approach, on which the model is based, provides a heuristic framework for generatingnew predictions regarding the ebb and flow of approach and avoidance in achievement contexts.