Résumé
Purpose of review In this review, we highlight the current conceptual framework for innate immunity.
Recent findings We highlight the interactions of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors, non-Toll-like membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors, and intracellular sensors neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein, CIITA, HET-E, and TP1-leucine-rich repeat (NLRs). Toll-like receptors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and activate signaling pathways that induce the expression of immune and proinflammatory genes. Toll-like receptors use overlapping signaling pathways that largely depend on intracellular adaptor molecules. Recent evidence suggests that non-Toll-like membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors such as dectin-1, CD36, and CD14 collaborate with Toll-like receptors in pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition or use Toll-like receptors as signaling partners. NLRs, whose function is to detect intracellular pathogen-associated molecular patterns, also share the signaling pathways used by some Toll-like receptors, suggesting cooperation and synergy between NLRs and Toll-like receptors.
Summary The integration of signals generated from Toll-like receptors and other non-Toll-like receptors might instruct the nature and outcome of the immune response to a particular pathogen. This has implications for inflammatory diseases and host defense, because understanding these precise interactions presents novel targets for specific therapeutics.