Abstract
Studies of the population dynamics of transposable elements (TEs) inDrosophila melanogasterindicate that consistent forces are affecting TEs inde-pendently of their modes of transposition and regulation. New sequencingtechnologies enable biologists to sample genomes at an unprecedented scalein order to quantify genome-wide polymorphism for annotated and novelTE insertions. In this review, we first present new insights gleaned fromhigh-throughput data for population genomics studies ofD. melanogaster.We then consider the latest population genomics models for TE evolutionand present examples of functional evidence revealed by genome-wide stud-ies of TE population dynamics inD. melanogaster. Although most of the TEinsertions are deleterious or neutral, some TE insertions increase the fitnessof the individual that carries them and play a role in genome adaptation