Abstract
To meet the increasing global demand for food, feed, fibre and other plant- derivedproducts, a steep increase in crop productivity is a scientifically and technicallychallenging imperative. The CropBooster- P project, a response to the H2020call ‘Future proofing our plants’, is developing a roadmap for plant research toimprove crops critical for the future of European agriculture by increasing cropyield, nutritional quality, value for non- food applications and sustainability.However, if we want to efficiently improve crop production in Europe and pri-oritize methods for crop trait improvement in the coming years, we need to takeinto account future socio- economic, technological and global developments, in-cluding numerous policy and socio- economic challenges and constraints. Basedon a wide range of possible global trends and key uncertainties, we developedfour extreme future learning scenarios that depict complementary future devel-opments. Here, we elaborate on how the scenarios could inform and direct fu-ture plant research, and we aim to highlight the crop improvement approachesthat could be the most promising or appropriate within each of these four futureworld scenarios. Moreover, we discuss some key plant technology options thatwould need to be developed further to meet the needs of multiple future learningscenarios, such as improving methods for breeding and genetic engineering. Inaddition, other diverse platforms of food production may offer unrealized poten-tial, such as underutilized terrestrial and aquatic species as alternative sources ofnutrition and biomass production. We demonstrate that although several meth-ods or traits could facilitate a more efficient crop production system in some ofthe scenarios, others may offer great potential in all four of the future learningscenarios. Altogether, this indicates that depending on which future we are head-ing toward, distinct plant research fields should be given priority if we are to meetour food, feed and non- food biomass production needs in the coming decades.