Abstract
Purpose: Micron-sized perfluorocarbon droplet adjuvants to focused ultrasound therapies allow lower applied power, circumvent unwanted prefocal heating, and enhance thermal dose in highly perfused tissues. The heat enhancement has been shown to saturate at increasing concentrations. Experiments were performed to empirically model the saturating heating effects during focused ultrasound. Materials and methods: The measurements were made at varying concentrations using magnetic res- onance thermometry and focused ultrasound by circulating droplets of mean diameter 1.9 to 2.3 mm through a perfused phantom. A simulation was performed to estimate the interaction radius size, empirically.Results: The interaction radius, representing the radius of a sphere encompassing 90% of the prob- ability for the transformation of acoustic energy into heat deposition around a single droplet, was determined experimentally from ultrasonic absorption coefficient measurements The simulations sug- gest the interaction radius was approximately 12.5-fold larger than the geometrical radius of droplets, corresponding to an interaction volume on the order of 2000 larger than the geometrical volume. Conclusions: The results provide information regarding the dose–response relationship from the drop- lets, a measure with 15% precision of their interaction radii with focused ultrasound, and subsequent insights into the underlying physical heating mechanism.