Résumé
Oocyte maturation and early development have been intensively studied for well over 100 years. The earliest theory proposed that after fertilisation and during cell division determinants were unequally distributed to control cell fate; experimental proof came from using frog eggs (Roux, 1888). After understanding the contribution of the nucleus and the chromosomes into cell cycle progression using sea urchin eggs (Boveri, 1902), it was the discovery of the cytoplasm contribution to the G2/M transition that led the cell cycle community in search of the "mitosis-inducing factor", MPF. Yoshio Masui was the first to experimentally demonstrate that few nanoliters of cytoplasm taken from a metaphase-arrested oocyte and microinjected in a G2-arrested oocyte was able to trigger the G2 to metaphase transition (Masui and Markert, 1971). Although the way to identify the mitotic factor seemed obvious, it proved very hard and was not purified until 1988 (Lohka et al, 1988), then work from a variety of organisms including Xenopus, starfish, clams, sea urchins and yeast converged on the identification of MPF as a complex of cdc2 and cyclin B (Dunphy et al, 1988; Gautier et al., 1988; Draetta et al., 1889; Meijer et al., 1989; Labbé et al., 1989; Gautier et al., 1990). Since then, the oocyte and egg extracts developed by Lohka and Masui have often been used to study cell cycle events such as nuclear envelop formation, chromatin condensation, DNA replication, repair, and recombination, Golgi formation, microtubule dynamics, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation as well as cell cycle controls.