Résumé
Continuous hourly time series of hydrochemical data can provide insights into the subsurface dynamics and main hydrological processes of karst systems. This study investigates how high-resolution hydrochemical data can be used for the verification of robust conceptual event-based karst models. To match the high temporal variability of hydrochemical data, the LuKARS 2.0 model was developed on an hourly scale. The model concept considers the interaction between the matrix and conduit components to allow a flexible conceptualization of binary karst systems characterized by a perennial spring and intermittent overflow as well as possible surface water bypassing the spring. The model was tested on the Baget karst system, France, featuring a recharge area defined by the coexistence of karst and nonkarst areas. The Morris screening method was used to investigate parameter sensitivity, and to calibrate the model according to the Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE). Model verification was performed by considering additional hydrochemical constraints with the aim of representing the internal dynamics of the systems, i.e., water contributions from the various compartments of the conceptual model. The hydrochemical constraints were defined based on high-temporal resolution time series of SO
4
2−
and HCO
3
−
. The results of this study show that the simulation with the highest KGE among 9,000 model realizations well represents the dynamics of the spring discharge but not the variability of the internal fluxes. The implementation of hydrochemical constraints facilitates the identification of realizations reproducing the observed relative increase in the flow contribution from the nonkarst area.