Insights Into the High-Energy Gamma-ray Emission of Markarian 501 from Extensive Multifrequency Observations in the Fermi Era

A. A. Abdo; M. Ackermann; M. Ajello; A. Allafort; L. Baldini; Jean Ballet; G. Barbiellini; M. G. Baring; D. Bastieri; K. Bechtol; R. Bellazzini; B. Berenji; R. D. Blandford; E. D. Bloom; E. Bonamente; A. W. Borgland; A. Bouvier; T. J. Brandt; J. Bregeon; A. Brez; M. Brigida; Pascal Bruel; R. Buehler; S. Buson; G. A. Caliandro; R. A. Cameron; A. Cannon; P. A. Caraveo; S. Carrigan; J. M. Casandjian; E. Cavazzuti; C. Cecchi; Ö. Çelik; E. Charles; A. Chekhtman; C. C. Cheung; J. Chiang; S. Ciprini; R. Claus; J. Cohen-Tanugi; J. Conrad; S. Cutini; C. D. Dermer; F. de Palma; E. Do Couto E Silva; P. S. Drell; R. Dubois; D. Dumora; C. Favuzzi; S. J. Fegan; E. C. Ferrara; W. B. Focke; P. Fortin; M. Frailis; L. Fuhrmann; Y. Fukazawa; S. Funk; P. Fusco; F. Gargano; D. Gasparrini; N. Gehrels; S. Germani; N. Giglietto; F. Giordano; M. Giroletti; T. Glanzman; G. Godfrey; I. A. Grenier; L. Guillemot; S. Guiriec; M. Hayashida; E. Hays; D. Horan; R. E. Hughes; G. Jóhannesson; A. S. Johnson; W. N. Johnson; M. Kadler; T. Kamae; H. Katagiri; J. Kataoka; Jürgen Knödlseder; M. Kuss; J. Lande; L. Latronico; S.-H. Lee; M. Lemoine-Goumard; F. Longo; F. Loparco; B. Lott; M. N. Lovellette; P. Lubrano; G. M. Madejski; A. Makeev; W. Max-Moerbeck; M. N. Mazziotta; J. E. Mcenery; J. Mehault; P. F. Michelson; W. Mitthumsiri; T. Mizuno; A. A. Moiseev; C. Monte; M. E. Monzani; A. Morselli; I. V. Moskalenko; S. Murgia; M. Naumann-Godo; S. Nishino; P. L. Nolan; J. P. Norris; E. Nuss; T. Ohsugi; A. Okumura; N. Omodei; E. Orlando; J. F. Ormes; D. Paneque; J. H. Panetta; D. Parent; V. Pavlidou; T. J. Pearson; V. Pelassa; M. Pepe; M. Pesce-Rollins; F. Piron; T. A. Porter; S. Rainò; R. Rando; M. Razzano; A. Readhead; A. Reimer; O. Reimer; J. L. Richards; J. Ripken; S. Ritz; M. Roth; H. F.-W. Sadrozinski; D. Sanchez; A. Sander; J. D. Scargle; C. Sgrò; E. J. Siskind; P. D. Smith; G. Spandre; P. Spinelli; Ł. Stawarz; M. Stevenson; M. S. Strickman; K. V. Sokolovsky; D. J. Suson; H. Takahashi; T. Takahashi; T. Tanaka; J. B. Thayer; J. G. Thayer; D. J. Thompson; L. Tibaldo; D. F. Torres; G. Tosti; A. Tramacere; Y. Uchiyama; T. L. Usher; J. Vandenbroucke; V. Vasileiou; N. Vilchez; V. Vitale; A. P. Waite; P. Wang; A. E. Wehrle; B. L. Winer; K. S. Wood; Z. Yang; T. Ylinen; J. A. Zensus; M. Ziegler; J. Aleksić; L. A. Antonelli; P. Antoranz; M. Backes; J. A. Barrio; J. Becerra González; W. Bednarek; A. Berdyugin; K. Berger; E. Bernardini; A. Biland; O. Blanch; R. K. Bock; A. Boller; G. Bonnoli; P. Bordas; D. Borla Tridon; V. Bosch-Ramon; D. Bose; I. Braun; T. Bretz; M. Camara; E. Carmona; A. Carosi; P. Colin; E. Colombo; J. L. Contreras; J. Cortina; S. Covino; F. Dazzi; A. de Angelis; E. de Cea del Pozo; B. de Lotto; M. de Maria; F. de Sabata; C. Delgado Mendez; A. Diago Ortega; M. Doert; A. Domínguez; D. Dominis Prester; D. Dorner; M. Doro; D. Elsaesser; D. Ferenc; M. V. Fonseca; L. Font; R. J. García López; M. Garczarczyk; M. Gaug; G. Giavitto; N. Godinovi; D. Hadasch; A. Herrero; D. Hildebrand; D. Höhne-Mönch; J. Hose; D. Hrupec; T. Jogler; S. Klepser; T. Krähenbühl; D. Kranich; J. Krause; A. La Barbera; E. Leonardo; E. Lindfors; S. Lombardi; M. López; E. Lorenz; P. Majumdar; E. Makariev; G. Maneva; N. Mankuzhiyil; K. Mannheim; L. Maraschi; M. Mariotti; M. Martínez; D. Mazin; M. Meucci; J. M. Miranda; R. Mirzoyan; H. Miyamoto; J. Moldón; A. Moralejo; D. Nieto; K. Nilsson; R. Orito; I. Oya; R. Paoletti; J. M. Paredes; S. Partini; M. Pasanen; F. Pauss; R. G. Pegna; M. A. Perez-Torres; M. Persic; J. Peruzzo; J. Pochon; P. G. Prada Moroni; F. Prada; E. Prandini; N. Puchades; I. Puljak; T. Reichardt; R. Reinthal; W. Rhode; M. Ribó; J. Rico; M. Rissi; S. Rügamer; A. Saggion; K. Saito; T. Y. Saito; M. Salvati; M. Sánchez-Conde; K. Satalecka; V. Scalzotto; V. Scapin; C. Schultz; T. Schweizer; M. Shayduk; S. N. Shore; A. Sierpowska-Bartosik; A. Sillanpää; J. Sitarek; D. Sobczynska; F. Spanier; S. Spiro; A. Stamerra; B. Steinke; J. Storz; N. Strah; J. C. Struebig; T. Suric; L. O. Takalo; F. Tavecchio; P. Temnikov; T. Terzić; D. Tescaro; M. Teshima; H. Vankov; R. M. Wagner; Q. Weitzel; V. Zabalza; F. Zandanel; R. Zanin; V. A. Acciari; T. Arlen; T. Aune; W. Benbow; D. Boltuch; S. M. Bradbury; J. H. Buckley; V. Bugaev; A. Cesarini; L. Ciupik; W. Cui; R. Dickherber; M. Errando; A. Falcone; J. P. Finley; G. Finnegan; L. Fortson; A. Furniss; N. Galante; D. Gall; G. H. Gillanders; S. Godambe; J. Grube; R. Guenette; G. Gyuk; D. Hanna; J. Holder; D. Huang; C. M. Hui; T. B. Humensky; P. Kaaret; N. Karlsson; M. Kertzman; D. Kieda; A. Konopelko; H. Krawczynski; F. Krennrich; M. J. Lang; G. Maier; S. Mcarthur; A. Mccann; M. Mccutcheon; P. Moriarty; R. Mukherjee; R. Ong; A. N. Otte; D. Pandel; J. S. Perkins; A. Pichel; M. Pohl; J. Quinn; K. Ragan; L. C. Reyes; P. T. Reynolds; E. Roache; H. J. Rose; A. C. Rovero; M. Schroedter; G. H. Sembroski; G. D. Senturk; D. D. Steele; S. P. Swordy; G. Tešić; M. Theiling; S. Thibadeau; A. Varlotta; S. Vincent; S. P. Wakely; J. E. Ward; T. C. Weekes; A. Weinstein; T. Weisgarber; D. A. Williams; M. Wood; B. Zitzer; M. Villata; C. M. Raiteri; H. D. Aller; M. F. Aller; A. A. Arkharov; D.A. Blinov; P. Calcidese; W. P. Chen; N. V. Efimova; G. Kimeridze; T. S. Konstantinova; E. N. Kopatskaya; E. Koptelova; O. M. Kurtanidze; S. O. Kurtanidze; A. Lähteenmäki; V. M. Larionov; E. G. Larionova; L. V. Larionova; R. Ligustri; D. A. Morozova; M. G. Nikolashvili; L. A. Sigua; I. S. Troitsky; E. Angelakis; M. Capalbi; A. Carramiñana; L. Carrasco; P. Cassaro; E. de La Fuente; M. A. Gurwell; Y. Y. Kovalev; Yu. A. Kovalev; T. P. Krichbaum; H. A. Krimm; P. Leto; M. L. Lister; G. Maccaferri; J. W. Moody; Y. Mori; I. Nestoras; A. Orlati; C. Pagani; C. Pace; R. Pearson; M. Perri; B. G. Piner; A. B. Pushkarev; E. Ros; A. C. Sadun; T. Sakamoto; M. Tornikoski; Y. Yatsu; A. Zook

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/727/2/129

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Insights Into the High-Energy Gamma-ray Emission of Markarian 501 from Extensive Multifrequency Observations in the Fermi Era

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Insights Into the High-Energy Gamma-ray Emission of Markarian 501 from Extensive Multifrequency Observations in the Fermi Era

A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. Allafort, L. Baldini, Jean Ballet, G. Barbiellini, M. G. Baring, D. Bastieri, K. Bechtol, …

The Astrophysical Journal, Vol.727

01/02/2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/727/2/129

Abstract

acceleration of particles

BL Lacertae objects: general

BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 501)

galaxies: active

gamma rays: general

radiation mechanisms: non-thermal

98.70.Rz, 98.54.Cm, 98.62.Py

We report on the gamma-ray activity of the blazar Mrk 501 during the first 480 days of Fermi operation. We find that the average LAT gamma-ray spectrum of Mrk 501 can be well described by a single power-law function with a photon index of 1.78 +/- 0.03. While we observe relatively mild flux variations with the Fermi-LAT (within less than a factor of 2), we detect remarkable spectral variability where the hardest observed spectral index within the LAT energy range is 1.52 +/- 0.14, and the softest one is 2.51 +/- 0.20. These unexpected spectral changes do not correlate with the measured flux variations above 0.3GeV. In this paper, we also present the first results from the 4.5-month-long multifrequency campaign (2009 March 15 - August 1) on Mrk 501, which included the VLBA, Swift, RXTE, MAGIC and VERITAS, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments which provided excellent temporal and energy coverage of the source throughout the entire campaign. The average spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 is well described by the standard one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model. In the framework of this model, we find that the dominant emission region is characterized by a size <~ 0.1 pc (comparable within a factor of few to the size of the partially-resolved VLBA core at 15-43 GHz), and that the total jet power (~10^{44} erg s^{-1}) constitutes only a small fraction (~10^{-3}) of the Eddington luminosity. The energy distribution of the freshly-accelerated radiating electrons required to fit the time-averaged data has a broken power-law form in the energy range 0.3GeV-10TeV, with spectral indices 2.2 and 2.7 below and above the break energy of 20GeV. We argue that such a form is consistent with a scenario in which the bulk of the energy dissipation within the dominant emission zone of Mrk 501 is due to relativistic, proton-mediated shocks.

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Title: Insights Into the High-Energy Gamma-ray Emission of Markarian 501 from Extensive Multifrequency Observations in the Fermi Era
Creators - without role: A. A. Abdo - United States Naval Research Laboratory
M. Ackermann - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
M. Ajello - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
A. Allafort - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
L. Baldini - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
Jean Ballet - Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation
G. Barbiellini - University of Trieste
M. G. Baring - Rice University
D. Bastieri - University of Padua
K. Bechtol - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
R. Bellazzini - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
B. Berenji - Stanford University
R. D. Blandford - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
E. D. Bloom - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
E. Bonamente - University of Perugia
A. W. Borgland - Stanford University
A. Bouvier - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
T. J. Brandt - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
J. Bregeon - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
A. Brez - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
M. Brigida - Polytechnic University of Bari
Pascal Bruel - École Polytechnique
R. Buehler - Stanford University
S. Buson - University of Padua
G. A. Caliandro - Institute of Space Sciences
R. A. Cameron - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
A. Cannon - University College Dublin
P. A. Caraveo - Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano
S. Carrigan - University of Padua
J. M. Casandjian - Université Paris Cité
E. Cavazzuti - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
C. Cecchi - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia
Ö. Çelik - Goddard Space Flight Center
E. Charles - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
A. Chekhtman - George Mason University
C. C. Cheung - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
J. Chiang - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
S. Ciprini - University of Perugia
R. Claus - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
J. Cohen-Tanugi - Laboratoire de Physique Théorique
J. Conrad - Stockholm University
S. Cutini - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
C. D. Dermer - United States Naval Research Laboratory
F. de Palma - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
E. Do Couto E Silva
P. S. Drell - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
R. Dubois - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
D. Dumora - Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
C. Favuzzi - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
S. J. Fegan - Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet
E. C. Ferrara - Goddard Space Flight Center
W. B. Focke - Stanford University
P. Fortin - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
M. Frailis - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
L. Fuhrmann - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
Y. Fukazawa - Hiroshima University
S. Funk - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
P. Fusco - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
F. Gargano - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
D. Gasparrini - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
N. Gehrels - Goddard Space Flight Center
S. Germani - University of Perugia
N. Giglietto - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
F. Giordano - Polytechnic University of Bari
M. Giroletti - Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
T. Glanzman - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
G. Godfrey - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
I. A. Grenier - CEA Paris-Saclay
L. Guillemot - Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
S. Guiriec - University of Alabama in Huntsville
M. Hayashida - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
E. Hays - Goddard Space Flight Center
D. Horan - Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet
R. E. Hughes - The Ohio State University
G. Jóhannesson - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
A. S. Johnson - Stanford University
W. N. Johnson - United States Naval Research Laboratory
M. Kadler - Universitätsklinikum Erlangen
T. Kamae - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
H. Katagiri - Hiroshima University
J. Kataoka - Waseda University
Jürgen Knödlseder - Centre National d'Études Spatiales
M. Kuss - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
J. Lande - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
L. Latronico - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
S.-H. Lee - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
M. Lemoine-Goumard - Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
F. Longo - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
F. Loparco - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
B. Lott - Laboratoire de Physique des deux infinis Bordeaux
M. N. Lovellette - United States Naval Research Laboratory
P. Lubrano - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia
G. M. Madejski - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
A. Makeev - United States Naval Research Laboratory
W. Max-Moerbeck - California Institute of Technology
M. N. Mazziotta - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
J. E. Mcenery - University of Maryland, College Park
J. Mehault - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
P. F. Michelson - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
W. Mitthumsiri - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
T. Mizuno - Hiroshima University
A. A. Moiseev - Goddard Space Flight Center
C. Monte - Polytechnic University of Bari
M. E. Monzani - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
A. Morselli - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata
I. V. Moskalenko - Stanford University
S. Murgia - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
M. Naumann-Godo - CEA Paris-Saclay
S. Nishino - Hiroshima University
P. L. Nolan - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
J. P. Norris - University of Denver
E. Nuss - Laboratoire de Physique Théorique
T. Ohsugi - Hiroshima University
A. Okumura - Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
N. Omodei - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
E. Orlando - Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
J. F. Ormes - University of Denver
D. Paneque - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
J. H. Panetta - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
D. Parent - George Mason University
V. Pavlidou - California Institute of Technology
T. J. Pearson - California Institute of Technology
V. Pelassa - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
M. Pepe - University of Perugia
M. Pesce-Rollins - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
F. Piron - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
T. A. Porter - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
S. Rainò - Polytechnic University of Bari
R. Rando - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
M. Razzano - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
A. Readhead
A. Reimer - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
O. Reimer - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
J. L. Richards - California Institute of Technology
J. Ripken - AlbaNova
S. Ritz - University of California, Santa Cruz
M. Roth - University of Washington
H. F.-W. Sadrozinski - University of California, Santa Cruz
D. Sanchez - Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet
A. Sander - The Ohio State University
J. D. Scargle - Ames Research Center
C. Sgrò - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
E. J. Siskind - Real Time Tomography
P. D. Smith - The Ohio State University
G. Spandre - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa
P. Spinelli - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari
Ł. Stawarz - Jagiellonian University
M. Stevenson - California Institute of Technology
M. S. Strickman - United States Naval Research Laboratory
K. V. Sokolovsky - Astro Space Center
D. J. Suson - Purdue University Northwest
H. Takahashi - Hiroshima University
T. Takahashi - Institute of Space and Astronautical Science
T. Tanaka - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
J. B. Thayer - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
J. G. Thayer - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
D. J. Thompson - Goddard Space Flight Center
L. Tibaldo - Université Paris Cité
D. F. Torres - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats
G. Tosti - University of Perugia
A. Tramacere - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
Y. Uchiyama - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
T. L. Usher - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
J. Vandenbroucke - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
V. Vasileiou - Goddard Space Flight Center
N. Vilchez - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
V. Vitale - University of Rome Tor Vergata
A. P. Waite - Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology
P. Wang - SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
A. E. Wehrle - Space Science Institute
B. L. Winer - The Ohio State University
K. S. Wood - United States Naval Research Laboratory
Z. Yang - AlbaNova
T. Ylinen - Fraunhofer Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics
J. A. Zensus - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
M. Ziegler - University of California, Santa Cruz
J. Aleksić - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
L. A. Antonelli - National Institute for Astrophysics
P. Antoranz - University of Siena
M. Backes - TU Dortmund University
J. A. Barrio - Universidad Complutense de Madrid
J. Becerra González
W. Bednarek - University of Łódź
A. Berdyugin - University of Turku
K. Berger - Universidad de La Laguna
E. Bernardini - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
A. Biland - ETH Zurich
O. Blanch - Institute for High Energy Physics
R. K. Bock - Max Planck Institute for Physics
A. Boller - ETH Zurich
G. Bonnoli - National Institute for Astrophysics
P. Bordas - Universitat de Barcelona
D. Borla Tridon
V. Bosch-Ramon - Universitat de Barcelona
D. Bose - Universidad Complutense de Madrid
I. Braun - ETH Zurich
T. Bretz - University of Würzburg
M. Camara - Universidad Complutense de Madrid
E. Carmona - Max Planck Institute for Physics
A. Carosi - National Institute for Astrophysics
P. Colin - Max Planck Institute for Physics
E. Colombo - Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
J. L. Contreras - Universidad Complutense de Madrid
J. Cortina - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
S. Covino - National Institute for Astrophysics
F. Dazzi - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
A. de Angelis - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
E. de Cea del Pozo - Institute of Space Sciences
B. de Lotto - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
M. de Maria
F. de Sabata - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
C. Delgado Mendez
A. Diago Ortega
M. Doert - TU Dortmund University
A. Domínguez - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
D. Dominis Prester
D. Dorner - ETH Zurich
M. Doro - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
D. Elsaesser - University of Würzburg
D. Ferenc - University of Rijeka
M. V. Fonseca - Universidad Complutense de Madrid
L. Font - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
R. J. García López
M. Garczarczyk - Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
M. Gaug - Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
G. Giavitto - Institute for High Energy Physics
N. Godinovi - University of Rijeka
D. Hadasch - Institute of Space Sciences
A. Herrero - Universidad de La Laguna
D. Hildebrand - ETH Zurich
D. Höhne-Mönch - University of Würzburg
J. Hose - Max Planck Institute for Physics
D. Hrupec - University of Rijeka
T. Jogler - Max Planck Institute for Physics
S. Klepser - Institute for High Energy Physics
T. Krähenbühl - ETH Zurich
D. Kranich - ETH Zurich
J. Krause - Max Planck Institute for Physics
A. La Barbera - National Institute for Astrophysics
E. Leonardo - University of Siena
E. Lindfors - University of Turku
S. Lombardi - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
M. López - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
E. Lorenz - ETH Zurich
P. Majumdar - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
E. Makariev - Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
G. Maneva - Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
N. Mankuzhiyil - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
K. Mannheim - University of Würzburg
L. Maraschi - Brera Astronomical Observatory
M. Mariotti - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
M. Martínez
D. Mazin - Institute for High Energy Physics
M. Meucci - University of Siena
J. M. Miranda - University of Siena
R. Mirzoyan - Max Planck Institute for Physics
H. Miyamoto - Max Planck Institute for Physics
J. Moldón - Universitat de Barcelona
A. Moralejo - Institute for High Energy Physics
D. Nieto - Universidad Complutense de Madrid
K. Nilsson - University of Turku
R. Orito - Max Planck Institute for Physics
I. Oya
R. Paoletti - University of Siena
J. M. Paredes - Universitat de Barcelona
S. Partini - University of Siena
M. Pasanen - University of Turku
F. Pauss - ETH Zurich
R. G. Pegna - University of Siena
M. A. Perez-Torres - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
M. Persic - Trieste Astronomical Observatory
J. Peruzzo - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
J. Pochon - Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
P. G. Prada Moroni
F. Prada - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
E. Prandini - University of Padua
N. Puchades - Institute for High Energy Physics
I. Puljak - University of Rijeka
T. Reichardt - Institute for High Energy Physics
R. Reinthal - University of Turku
W. Rhode - TU Dortmund University
M. Ribó - Universitat de Barcelona
J. Rico - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
M. Rissi - ETH Zurich
S. Rügamer - University of Würzburg
A. Saggion - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
K. Saito - Max Planck Institute for Physics
T. Y. Saito - Max Planck Institute for Physics
M. Salvati - National Institute for Astrophysics
M. Sánchez-Conde - Universidad de La Laguna
K. Satalecka - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
V. Scalzotto - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
V. Scapin - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste
C. Schultz - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova
T. Schweizer - Max Planck Institute for Physics
M. Shayduk - Max Planck Institute for Physics
S. N. Shore - University of Pisa
A. Sierpowska-Bartosik - University of Łódź
A. Sillanpää - University of Turku
J. Sitarek - University of Łódź
D. Sobczynska - University of Łódź
F. Spanier - University of Würzburg
S. Spiro - National Institute for Astrophysics
A. Stamerra - University of Siena
B. Steinke - Max Planck Institute for Physics
J. Storz - University of Würzburg
N. Strah - TU Dortmund University
J. C. Struebig - University of Würzburg
T. Suric - University of Rijeka
L. O. Takalo - University of Turku
F. Tavecchio - Brera Astronomical Observatory
P. Temnikov - Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
T. Terzić - University of Rijeka
D. Tescaro - Institute for High Energy Physics
M. Teshima - Max Planck Institute for Physics
H. Vankov - Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy
R. M. Wagner - Max Planck Institute for Physics
Q. Weitzel - ETH Zurich
V. Zabalza - Universitat de Barcelona
F. Zandanel - Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
R. Zanin - Institute for High Energy Physics
V. A. Acciari - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
T. Arlen - University of California, Los Angeles
T. Aune - University of California, Santa Cruz
W. Benbow - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
D. Boltuch - University of Delaware
S. M. Bradbury - University of Leeds
J. H. Buckley - Washington University in St. Louis
V. Bugaev - Washington University in St. Louis
A. Cesarini - Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway
L. Ciupik - Adler Planetarium
W. Cui - Purdue University West Lafayette
R. Dickherber - Washington University in St. Louis
M. Errando - Columbia University
A. Falcone - Pennsylvania State University
J. P. Finley - Purdue University West Lafayette
G. Finnegan - University of Utah
L. Fortson - Adler Planetarium
A. Furniss - University of California, Santa Cruz
N. Galante - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
D. Gall - Purdue University West Lafayette
G. H. Gillanders - Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway
S. Godambe - University of Utah
J. Grube - Adler Planetarium
R. Guenette - McGill University
G. Gyuk - Adler Planetarium
D. Hanna - McGill University
J. Holder - University of Delaware
D. Huang - Pittsburg State University
C. M. Hui - University of Utah
T. B. Humensky - University of Chicago
P. Kaaret - University of Iowa
N. Karlsson - Adler Planetarium
M. Kertzman - DePauw University
D. Kieda - University of Utah
A. Konopelko - Pittsburg State University
H. Krawczynski - Washington University in St. Louis
F. Krennrich - Iowa State University
M. J. Lang - Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway
G. Maier - McGill University
S. Mcarthur - Washington University in St. Louis
A. Mccann - McGill University
M. Mccutcheon - McGill University
P. Moriarty - Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology
R. Mukherjee - Barnard College
R. Ong - University of California, Los Angeles
A. N. Otte - University of California, Santa Cruz
D. Pandel - University of Iowa
J. S. Perkins - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
A. Pichel - Institute of Astronomy and Space Physics
M. Pohl - Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
J. Quinn - University College Dublin
K. Ragan - McGill University
L. C. Reyes - University of Chicago
P. T. Reynolds - Munster Technological University
E. Roache - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
H. J. Rose - University of Leeds
A. C. Rovero - Institute of Astronomy and Space Physics
M. Schroedter - Iowa State University
G. H. Sembroski - Purdue University West Lafayette
G. D. Senturk - Columbia University
D. D. Steele - Los Alamos National Laboratory
S. P. Swordy - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
G. Tešić - McGill University
M. Theiling - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
S. Thibadeau - Washington University in St. Louis
A. Varlotta - Purdue University West Lafayette
S. Vincent - University of Utah
S. P. Wakely - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
J. E. Ward - University College Dublin
T. C. Weekes - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
A. Weinstein - University of California, Los Angeles
T. Weisgarber - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
D. A. Williams - University of California, Santa Cruz
M. Wood - University of California, Los Angeles
B. Zitzer - Purdue University West Lafayette
M. Villata - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
C. M. Raiteri - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino
H. D. Aller - University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
M. F. Aller - University of Michigan–Ann Arbor
A. A. Arkharov - Pulkovo Observatory
D.A. Blinov - Pulkovo Observatory
P. Calcidese - Osservatorio Astronomico della Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta
W. P. Chen - National Central University
N. V. Efimova
G. Kimeridze - Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory
T. S. Konstantinova - Institute of Applied Astronomy
E. N. Kopatskaya - Institute of Applied Astronomy
E. Koptelova - National Central University
O. M. Kurtanidze - Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory
S. O. Kurtanidze - Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory
A. Lähteenmäki - Aalto University
V. M. Larionov - Pulkovo Observatory
E. G. Larionova
L. V. Larionova - Institute of Applied Astronomy
R. Ligustri
D. A. Morozova - Institute of Applied Astronomy
M. G. Nikolashvili - Institute of Applied Astronomy
L. A. Sigua - Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory
I. S. Troitsky - Institute of Applied Astronomy
E. Angelakis - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
M. Capalbi - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
A. Carramiñana - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
L. Carrasco - National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics
P. Cassaro
E. de La Fuente - Universidad de Guadalajara
M. A. Gurwell - Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian
Y. Y. Kovalev
Yu. A. Kovalev - Astro Space Center
T. P. Krichbaum - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
H. A. Krimm - Goddard Space Flight Center
P. Leto - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania
M. L. Lister - Purdue University West Lafayette
G. Maccaferri - Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
J. W. Moody - Brigham Young University
Y. Mori - Tokyo Institute of Technology
I. Nestoras - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
A. Orlati - Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna
C. Pagani - University of Leicester
C. Pace - Brigham Young University
R. Pearson - Brigham Young University
M. Perri - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
B. G. Piner - Whittier College
A. B. Pushkarev - Crimean Astrophysical Observatory
E. Ros - Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
A. C. Sadun - University of Colorado Denver
T. Sakamoto - Goddard Space Flight Center
M. Tornikoski - Aalto University
Y. Yatsu - Tokyo Institute of Technology
A. Zook - Pomona College
Publication Details: The Astrophysical Journal, Vol.727
Identifiers: 9934371909311
Academic Unit: Université de Montpellier
Language: English
Resource Type: Journal article
Local Fields: in2p3-00586140