Abstract
Since the 1970s, there has been a quantitative and qualitative decline in spermparameters. The main hypothesis to explain such a rapid evolution is the involvement of envi-ronmental and behavioral phenomena.Methods. — A bibliographic search limited to English and French literature in men publishedbefore 7/2023 was carried out on the links between fertility and pollution, xenobiotics, tobacco,narcotics, cannabis, alcohol, weight, sport, sedentary lifestyle, sleep and anabolics.Results. — Profound changes in lifestyle have occurred over the past 50 years: reduced sleeptime, sedentary lifestyle, dietary changes, tobacco consumption, use of narcotics and anabolics.These changes have a proven impact on spermogram parameters, and should be corrected in aneffort to optimize reproductive health. Other environmental parameters: pollution, exposureto heavy metals, exposure to xenobiotics, phthalates and pesticides. . . will be more difficult toexclude from patients’ daily lives, but deserve to be taken more into account.Conclusion. — This review should help the urologist to assess and counsel patients in order toimprove their reproductive health. These factors should be routinely investigated in infertilemen