Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa

Samantha Strindberg; Fiona Maisels; Elizabeth A Williamson; Stephen Blake; Emma J Stokes; Rostand Aba'a; Gaspard Abitsi; Anthony Agbor; Ruffin D Ambahe; Parfait C Bakabana; Martha Bechem; Antoine Berlemont; Bruno Bokoto de Semboli; Patrick R Boundja; Nicolas Bout; Thomas Breuer; Genevieve Campbell; Pauwel De Wachter; Marc Ella Akou; Fidel Esono Mba; Anna T C Feistner; Bernard Fosso; Roger Fotso; David Greer; Clement Inkamba-Nkulu; Calixte F Iyenguet; Kathryn J Jeffery; Max Kokangoye; Hjalmar S Kühl; Stephanie Latour; Bola Madzoke; Calixte Makoumbou; Guy-Aimé F Malanda; Richard Malonga; Victor Mbolo; David B Morgan; Prosper Motsaba; Gabin Moukala; Brice S Mowawa; Mizuki Murai; Christian Ndzai; Tomoaki Nishihara; Zacharie Nzooh; Lilian Pintea; Amy Pokempner; Hugo J Rainey; Tim Rayden; Heidi Ruffler; Crickette M Sanz; Angelique Todd; Hilde Vanleeuwe; Ashley Vosper; Ymke Warren; David S Wilkie

doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar2964

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Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa

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Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa

Samantha Strindberg, Fiona Maisels, Elizabeth A Williamson, Stephen Blake, Emma J Stokes, Rostand Aba'a, Gaspard Abitsi, Anthony Agbor, Ruffin D Ambahe, Parfait C Bakabana, …

Science advances, Vol.4(4), p.eaar2964

01/04/2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aar2964

PMID: 29707637

Résumé

Africa

Animals

Firearms

Geography

Gorilla gorilla

Models, Theoretical

Pan troglodytes

Population Density

Population Dynamics

Trees

We present a range-wide assessment of sympatric western lowland gorillas and central chimpanzees using the largest survey data set ever assembled for these taxa: 59 sites in five countries surveyed between 2003 and 2013, totaling 61,000 person-days of fieldwork. We used spatial modeling to investigate major drivers of great ape distribution and population trends. We predicted density across each taxon's geographic range, allowing us to estimate overall abundance: 361,900 gorillas and 128,700 chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa-substantially higher than previous estimates. These two subspecies represent close to 99% of all gorillas and one-third of all chimpanzees. Annual population decline of gorillas was estimated at 2.7%, maintaining them as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List. We quantified the threats to each taxon, of which the three greatest were poaching, disease, and habitat degradation. Gorillas and chimpanzees are found at higher densities where forest is intact, wildlife laws are enforced, human influence is low, and disease impacts have been low. Strategic use of the results of these analyses could conserve the majority of gorillas and chimpanzees. With around 80% of both subspecies occurring outside protected areas, their conservation requires reinforcement of anti-poaching efforts both inside and outside protected areas (particularly where habitat quality is high and human impact is low), diligent disease control measures (including training, advocacy, and research into Ebola virus disease), and the preservation of high-quality habitat through integrated land-use planning and implementation of best practices by the extractive and agricultural industries.

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Détails

Titre: Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa
Créateurs - sans rôle: Samantha Strindberg - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Fiona Maisels - University of Stirling
Elizabeth A Williamson - University of Stirling
Stephen Blake - Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Macelwane Hall, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
Emma J Stokes - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Rostand Aba'a - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Gaspard Abitsi - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Anthony Agbor - Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
Ruffin D Ambahe - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Parfait C Bakabana - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Martha Bechem - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)-Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE), MIKE Subregional Office, Yaoundé, BP 5506, Cameroon
Antoine Berlemont - Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
Bruno Bokoto de Semboli - World Wildlife Fund International, Regional Office for Africa, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon
Patrick R Boundja - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Nicolas Bout - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Thomas Breuer - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Genevieve Campbell - Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
Pauwel De Wachter - World Wildlife Fund International, Regional Office for Africa, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon
Marc Ella Akou - World Wildlife Fund International, Regional Office for Africa, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon
Fidel Esono Mba - Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Forestal y Gestión del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, Bata, Equatorial Guinea
Anna T C Feistner - World Wildlife Fund International, Regional Office for Africa, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon
Bernard Fosso - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Roger Fotso - Wildlife Conservation Society
David Greer - World Wildlife Fund International, Regional Office for Africa, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon
Clement Inkamba-Nkulu - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Calixte F Iyenguet - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Kathryn J Jeffery - Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
Max Kokangoye - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Hjalmar S Kühl - Robert Bosch Junior Professor, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Leipzig-Jena, Leipzig, Germany
Stephanie Latour - The Jane Goodall Institute, 1595 Spring Hill Road, Suite 550, Vienna, VA 22182, USA
Bola Madzoke - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Calixte Makoumbou - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Guy-Aimé F Malanda - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Richard Malonga - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Victor Mbolo - World Wildlife Fund International, Regional Office for Africa, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon
David B Morgan - Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
Prosper Motsaba - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Gabin Moukala - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Brice S Mowawa - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Mizuki Murai - Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
Christian Ndzai - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Tomoaki Nishihara - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Zacharie Nzooh - World Wildlife Fund International, Regional Office for Africa, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon
Lilian Pintea - The Jane Goodall Institute, 1595 Spring Hill Road, Suite 550, Vienna, VA 22182, USA
Amy Pokempner - Wildlife Conservation Society
Hugo J Rainey - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Tim Rayden - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Heidi Ruffler - Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
Crickette M Sanz - Department of Anthropology, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
Angelique Todd - World Wildlife Fund International, Regional Office for Africa, BP 6776 Yaoundé, Cameroon
Hilde Vanleeuwe - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Ashley Vosper - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Ymke Warren - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
David S Wilkie - Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
Détails de publication: Science advances, Vol.4(4), p.eaar2964
Identifiants: 99149133609311
Unité académique: BotAnique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des végétations - AMAP
Langue: English
Type de ressource: Journal article