Résumé
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases with more than 250 causative genes. The most common form is retinitis pigmentosa. IRDs lead to vision impairment for which there is no universal cure. Encouragingly, a first gene supplementation therapy has been approved for an autosomal recessive IRD. However, for autosomal dominant IRDs, gene supplementation therapy is not always pertinent because haploinsufficiency is not the only cause. Disease-causing mechanisms are often gain-of-function or dominant-negative, which usually require alternative therapeutic approaches. In such cases, genome-editing technology has raised hopes for treatment. Genome editing could be used to (i) invalidate both alleles, followed by supplementation of the wild type gene, (ii) specifically invalidate the mutant allele, with or without gene supplementation, or (iii) to correct the mutant allele. We review here the most prevalent genes causing autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and the most appropriate genome-editing strategy that could be used to target their different causative mutations.