Résumé
The question as to whether the metasomatizing-slab agent needed to form island-arc magmas is an aqueous fluid or a hydrous melt requires a knowledge of fluid-melt-rock interaction during high-pressure low-temperature metamorphism. In the Western Alps, typical “anhydrous” mafic eclogites (Monviso Massif) and coesite-bearing metasediments (Dora-Maira Massif) have experienced a prograde P-T path characteristic of a mature (cold) subduction zone. Microstructural, petrologic, geochemical and fluid inclusion studies show that fluid flow was limited during eclogite and high-grade blueschist facies metamorphism. Most of the fluids were driven off the rocks at pressures lower than 1 and 1.6 GPa, respectively. With increasing pressure and temperature, the remaining fluid phase was released during crystal plastic flow processes or devolatilisation reactions but retain the host rocks to form veins, partial melts or dense hydrous silicates.Tectonic erosion at modern convergent margins delivers large amounts of terrigenous sediments (KMASH system) in subduction zones. In contrast to the basalt and peridotite systems, the KMASH system is characterized by a wide range of pressure-sensitive reactions which allow the reconstruction of dehydration/hydration depths in the subducted slab. Independently of the thermal structure of subduction zones, terrigenous sediments will begin to melt at pressures < 2 GPa. The melt phase can absorb tremendeous quantities of water and represent major sinks for devolatilisation fluids. Dense hydrous silicates will form in any subducted sediments at all depths. These silicates can store significant amount of water in their structure. In the subducted oceanic crust and upper mantle, heterogeneous distribution of fluids inherited from hydrothermal alteration at mid-ocean ridges will cause contemporaneous dehydration and hydration reactions on a local scale rather than large-scale fluid infiltration in the overlying mantle wedge.The situation where a cold, competent and fluid-rich subducted slab is bounded above by a hot, relatively weak and anhydrous material is likely to act against buoyant rise of devolatilisation fluids by forcing the fluids to flow downwards. At sub-arc depths (50 ± 10 to 80150km) and for any geothermal gradient, continuous internal buffering of volatile activities will retain the fluid phase in the slab. This is in contrast with shallow, sub-forearc depths (20 to 50 ± 10 km), where tectonic vein arrays, localized thrust faults, serpentine diapirs, mud volcanoes and boninite magmas attest to the release of large volume of fluids into the overriding mantle wedge.