Résumé
The Superfast Spreading Crust campaign, echoing long-standing ocean lithosphere community endeavors, was designed to understand the formation, architecture, and evolution of ocean crust formed at fast spreading rates. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 335, "Superfast Spreading Rate Crust 4" (13 April-3 June 2011), was the fourth scientific drilling cruise of the Superfast Spreading Crust campaign to Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 1256D. The expedition aimed to deepen this basement reference site several hundred meters into the gabbroic rocks of intact lower oceanic crust to address the following fundamental scientific questions: . Does the lower crust form by subsidence of a crystal mush from a high-level magma chamber (gabbro glacier), by intrusion of sills throughout the lower crust, or by some other mechanism? How does melt percolate through the lower crust, and what are the reactions and chemical evolution of magmas during migration? . Is the plutonic crust cooled by conduction and/or hydrothermal circulation? What are the role and extent of deeply penetrating seawater-derived hydrothermal fluids in cooling the lower crust and the chemical exchanges between the ocean crust and the oceans? . What are the relationships among the geological, geochemical, and geophysical structure of the crust and, in particular, the nature of the seismic Layer 2-3 transition? . What is the magnetic contribution of the lower crust to marine magnetic anomalies? Hole 1256D is located on 15 Ma crust in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (6 degrees 4.163.N, 91 degrees 56.061.W). Oceanic crust that formed at a superfast spreading rate (>200 mm/y) was specifically targeted to exploit the observed relationship between spreading rate and depth to axial low-velocity zones, thought to be magma chambers, seismically imaged at active mid-ocean ridges. This was a deliberate strategy to reduce the drilling distance to gabbroic rocks because thick sequences of lavas and dikes have proved difficult to penetrate in the past. Previous cruises to ODP Site 1256 (ODP Leg 206; IODP Expeditions 309 and 312) have achieved their legend expedition-specific objectives but not the overarching strategic goals of the Superfast Spreading Crust campaign to understand magmatic accretion at fast-spreading ocean ridges. However, the three previous cruises achieved the first complete sampling of intact upper oceanic crust, successfully drilled through approximately 800 m of erupted lavas and thin ( approximately 345 m) sheeted dike complex, and sampled gabbros at approximately 1157 meters subbasement. The lowermost 100 m of the hole is a complex dike-plutonic transition zone that comprises two gabbro lenses intruded into strongly contact metamorphosed, granoblastically recrystallized sheeted dikes. During Expedition 335, we reentered Hole 1256D more than 5 years after our last visit and encountered and overcame a number of significant engineering challenges, each unique but of natures not unexpected in a deep, uncased marine borehole into igneous rocks. The patient, persistent efforts of the rig floor teams cleared a major obstruction at approximately 920 meters below seafloor (mbsf) that initially prevented reentry into the hole to its full depth (1507 mbsf). The 920-960 mbsf interval was then cemented to stabilize the borehole wall. A short phase of coring deepened Hole 1256D approximately 13 m before the C9 hard formation coring bit failed and was spectacularly ground to a smooth stump. A progressive, logical course of action was then undertaken to clear the bottom of the hole of metal junk from the failed coring bit, open up a short interval of undergauge hole, and remove a very large amount of drilling cuttings from the hole. This was successfully completed, and the hole is open to its full depth (1521.6 mbsf). The hole-cleaning phase was followed by wireline caliper and temperature measurements of the complete hole to assist with cementing operations to stabilize the lowermost 10 m of the hole and the problematic interval at 910-940 mbsf. These remedial efforts will facilitate reentry and coring on a future return to Hole 1256D. In addition to the few cores drilled, the junk baskets deployed during the successive fishing runs to the bottom of the hole recovered a unique collection of samples, including large cobbles (as large as 5 kg), angular rubble, and fine cuttings, principally of strongly to completely recrystallized granoblastic basalt, with minor gabbroic rocks and evolved plutonic rocks. The large blocks exhibit intrusive, structural, and textural relationships, along with overprinting and crosscutting hydrothermal alteration and metamorphic paragenetic sequences that hitherto have not been observed because of the small diameter of drill cores and the very low recovery of the granoblastic dikes cored so far. The high extent of metamorphic recrystallization exhibited by granoblastic basalt, combined with operational factors, provides strong evidence that most of this material comes from the lowermost reaches of Hole 1256D ( approximately 1495 to approximately 1522 mbsf). Including the approximately 60 m thick zone of granoblastic dikes that reside above the uppermost gabbros, the dike-gabbro transition zone at Site 1256 is >170 m thick, of which >100 m is recrystallized granoblastic basalt. When the textural and contact relationships exhibited by these samples are placed in the geological context of the Hole 1256D stratigraphy, a vision emerges of a complex, dynamic thermal boundary layer zone. This region of the crust between the principally hydrothermal domain of the upper crust and the intrusive magmatic domain of the lower crust is one of evolving geological conditions. An intimate coupling among temporally and spatially intercalated magmatic, hydrothermal, partial melting, intrusive, metamorphic, and retrograde processes is recorded in the recovered samples. Expedition 335 left Hole 1256D after making only a very modest advance, and we have yet to recover the samples of cumulate gabbros required to test models of ocean ridge magmatic accretion and the intensity of hydrothermal cooling at depth. However, a remarkable sample suite of granoblastic basalt with minor gabbros, some of which intrude previously recrystallized dikes, was recovered and provides a detailed picture of a rarely sampled critical interval of the oceanic crust. Most importantly, the hole has been stabilized, cleared to its full depth, and is ready for deepening in the near future.