Abstract
Antimony (Sb) isotopes are gaining increasing interest for their potential as geochemical tracers in geological, environmental and archaeological studies. However, little is known about the parameters controlling Sb isotope fractionation, which is essential to interpret variations of isotopic signature in natural systems. In this study, equilibrium mass-dependent isotope fractionation factors (β-factor) were determined between different Sb-bearing minerals commonly found in mining environments including primary Sb sulphide (stibnite Sb 2 S 3) and its oxidation products (valentinite Sb 2 O 3 , senarmontite Sb 2 O 3 , cervantite Sb 2 O 4) and synthetic antimony pentoxide Sb 2 O 5. First-principles calculations within the Density Functional Theory (DFT) were performed with different functionals to test the robustness of the method. Among the studied minerals, stibnite has the lowest β-factor (ln(β) = 0.71 ‰ at 22°C), then β-factors progressively increase from valentinite (ln(β) = 1.64 ‰ at 22 °C), to senarmontite (ln(β) = 1.80 ‰ at 22 °C), cervantite (ln(β) = 2.20 ‰ at 22 °C) and antimony pentoxide (ln(β) = 3.03 ‰ at 22 °C). The parameters that most fractionate Sb isotopes are found to be i) the change of Sb oxidation state (Sb isotope ratio in Sb(V)-bearing minerals is higher than in Sb(III)-bearing minerals), ii) the change of first neighbour of Sb (Sb isotope ratio in Sb-O bonds is higher than in Sb-S bonds) and iii) distortion of the atomic Sb-O polyhedrons. The negligible differences in the β-factors obtained with different functionals showed the robustness of the approach for the calculation of β-factors, despite differences in the calculated mineral lattice and Raman frequencies. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis to interpret natural Sb isotope variations. In sulphide mining environments, the results suggest that a significant enrichment in the heavy isotope could occur during oxidative dissolution of stibnite and subsequent precipitation of Sb(III) and Sb(V) oxides. More generally, this work strongly supports that Sb isotopes may be a useful tracer of Sb transformation processes in nature.