Abstract
Introduction: Human parvovirus B19 (PVB19) causes erythema infectiosum or 5th disease in childhood, which mainly affects children between 3 and 15 years of age. PVB19 infections have also been described in association with a variety of neurologic manifestations including encephalitis.Case report: This 3-year 8-month-old boy developed febrile encephalitis (mental status change with seizures and left limb hypertonia) associated with a rash. The electroencephalographs revealed focal slowing with some spikes in front of the left centro-temporo-occipital areas ; bacteriological and biochemical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were normal, brain radiologic studies (tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) were normal. The diagnosis of encephalitis associated with PVB19 primo infection was based on viral DNA detection in the serum and CSF using PCR and on the specific immunoglobulin M (without immunoglobulin G) detection in the serum.Discussion: In France, encephalitis etiology is unknown in 48% of the cases. PVB19 accounts for 4.3% of undiagnosed meningoencephalitis in children. Although there is no specific sign, seizures and rash are reported in about one-half and one-quarter of cases, respectively.Conclusion: Even if PVB19 research is not cited in the French or American infectious disease society recommendations on the diagnosis and management of infectious encephalitis, this virus may be responsible, especially in cases of child febrile rash. Therefore, PVB19 research seems reasonable if the clinical presentation is concordant in children due to its diagnostic simplicity and efficacy.