Abstract
The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease, and nutrition has been demonstrated in various studies. Environmental factors including pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen also play crucial roles in maintaining sustainable coral ecosystems. However, how geographical and environmental factors influence bacterial diversity and community composition is unclear. Here, bacterial communities associated with Acropora formosa coral were sampled from four different locations—Phu Quoc Islands (Vietnam), Nha Trang (Vietnam), Ujung Gelam (Indonesia), and Bourake (New Caledonia)—and compared using tagged 16S rRNA sequencing. We identified 24 bacterial phyla, 47 classes, 114 orders, and 495 genera from 18 samples. Overall, Proteobacteria (1039 distant amplicon sequence variants [ASVs]) and Firmicutes (589 ASVs) were predominant, while Verrucomicrobiota (75 ASVs) and Planctomycetota (46 ASVs) were minor taxa. Alpha diversity analyses revealed that the bacterial community associated with Acropora formosa from Ujung Gelam had the highest indexes (Observed and Chao1), while the figures for Bourake were the lowest. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) showed significant differences in bacterial communities among locations (ADONIS, p = 1 × 10−4). Temperature was strongly correlated with the distribution of bacterial communities in Bourake, whereas pH and dissolved oxygen were significantly correlated with the presence of coral-associated bacterial communities in Phu Quoc and Nha Trang. Across all samples, 28 potential biological markers and 95 core ASVs were found, revealing significant differences in coral-associated bacterial communities. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial communities living in coral reefs across different geographic sites, which could be useful springboards for further studies.