Abstract
In this study, a laboratory pilot scale forward osmosis-reverse osmosis (FO-RO) hybrid system was used to desalinate both actual and spiked brackish surface water (BSW). An overall performance evaluation was conducted and the membrane foulings were characterised by comprehensive techniques. Severe flux decline was observed during the treatment of high scaling/fouling potential feed solutions. It was found that when the raw BSW was used as feed, the flux can be completely recovered by hydraulic cleaning. When the raw BSW was spiked with nutrients and/or scaling ions for accelerated scaling and biofouling, more severe flux decline was observed. Inorganic scaling caused by calcium and phosphate, and their interactions with organic constituents in the feed solutions were the dominant cause of the declined system performance. For the spiked feed water, the combined physical and chemical cleaning using two chemical agents was not able to restore reduced flux to its initial value. This study identified the need for implementing a sufficient cleaning strategy targeting different membrane foulants, particularly for inorganic sealants; as well as confirms the need of fouling-resistant membrane. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.