Abstract
To begin, the paper introduces methodologies employing both homogeneous continuous Finite Element Method (FEM) and block-by-block Discrete Element Method (DEM) to model masonry behaviors. In the continuous approach, the masonry is modeled as an anisotropic damageable material (homogeneous or not). In contrast, the block-based approach represents rigid blocks interacting through contact joints governed by frictional cohesive behaviors. The DEM framework allows for significant displacements, rotations, and complete detachments of blocks, aspects often overlooked in traditional FEM models. The primary application of this research involves the seismic assessment of a masonry cross vault. Notably, the numerical results exhibit the approach’s capability to provide realistic predictions of failure mechanisms, crucial for retrofitting efforts. This includes an accurate representation of the actual cracking pattern, accounting for significant displacements. The numerical implementation is accessible through the open-source LMGC90 software. Comparative analyses are then carried out, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of FEM macro-modeling (continuous homogeneous description) and DEM utilizing rigid blocks.