Résumé
The present work addresses the micromechanical modeling and the simulation of crack initiation and propagation in ductile materials failing by void nucleation, growth and coalescence. A cohesive–volumetric approach is used and the overall material behavior is characterized both by a hardening bulk constitutive law and a softening surface traction–separation law embedded between each mesh of a finite element discretization. The traction–separation law sums up across a surface all the ductile damage processes occurring in a narrow strain localization band, while the bulk behavior concerns the other elasto-plastic effects. The proposed cohesive zone model is based on a micromechanical approach where the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman ductile damage model is adapted to the reduced kinematics of a surface while ensuring the complete effect of the strain rate or stress triaxiality both on the local plasticity and on the void growth. The corresponding cohesive model is implemented in the XPER computer code using the Non-Smooth Contact Dynamics method where cohesive models are introduced as mixed boundary conditions between each volumetric finite element. The present approach is applied to the simulation of crack growth in a standard ferritic steel. Results are compared with available experimental data. The efficiency of the proposed cohesive-GTN model is underlined since the shape of the cohesive law and its mechanical parameters arise directly from the micromechanical approach without any ad hoc fitting parameter.