Résumé
Abstract Oxygen (O 2 ) concentration is approximately 5% in the fallopian tube and 2% in the uterus in humans. A “back to nature” approach could increase in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. This hypothesis was tested in this monocentric observational retrospective study that included 120 couples who underwent two IVF cycles between 2014 and 2019. Embryos were cultured at 5% from day 0 (D0) to D5/6 (monophasic O 2 concentration strategy) in the first IVF cycle, and at 5% O 2 from D0 to D3 and 2% O 2 from D3 to D5/6 (biphasic O 2 concentration strategy) in the second IVF cycle. The total and usable blastocyst rates (44.4% vs. 54.8%, p = 0.049 and 21.8% vs. 32.8%, p = 0.002, respectively) and the cumulative live birth rate (17.9% vs. 44.1%, p = 0.027) were significantly higher with the biphasic (5%-2%) O 2 concentration strategy. Whole transcriptome analysis of blastocysts donated for research identified 707 RNAs that were differentially expressed in function of the O 2 strategy (fold-change > 2, p value < 0.05). These genes are mainly involved in embryo development, DNA repair, embryonic stem cell pluripotency, and implantation potential. The biphasic (5–2%) O 2 concentration strategy for preimplantation embryo culture could increase the “take home baby rate”, thus improving IVF cost-effectiveness and infertility management.