Abstract
Environmentally induced reductions in fitness components (survival, fecundity) are generally considered as passive, maladaptive responses to stress. However, there is also mounting evidence for active, programmed forms of environmentally induced cell death in unicellular organisms. While conceptual work has questioned how such programmed cell death (PCD) might be maintained by natural selection, few experimental studies have investigated how PCD influences genetic differences in longer-term fitness across environments. Here, we tracked the population dynamics of two closely related strains of the halotolerant microalga Dunaliella salina, following transfers across salinities. We showed that after a salinity rise, only one of these strains displayed a massive population decline (-69% in one hour), largely attenuated by exposure to a PCD inhibitor. However, this decline was followed by a rapid demographic rebound, characterized by faster growth than the non-declining strain, such that sharper decline was correlated with faster subsequent growth across experiments and conditions. Strikingly, the decline was more pronounced in conditions more favourable to growth (more light, more nutrients, less competition), further suggesting that it was not simply passive. We explored several hypotheses that could explain this decline-rebound pattern, which suggests that successive stresses could select for higher environmentally induced death in this system.