Résumé
Humanity places a heavy burden on agricultural landscapes, demanding plentiful food, multiple ecosystemfunctions, and biodiversity conservation. We quantified areas growing ‘brighter’ and ‘darker’ (i.e., better orworse than expected based on extrinsic constraints) for multifunctionality of ecosystem services (ES) over timeacross a dynamic agricultural landscape. To explore how areas changing in ES multifunctionality, we likewiseexplored temporal changes in additional features of resilience in social-ecological systems, including: (1) speciesfunctional richness and dispersion, (2) agrodiversity, (3) the diversity of farm characteristics and human demographicsin the area, and (4) landscape structure and diversity. We found areas increasing in multifunctionalitywere likewise becoming more biologically and agriculturally diverse, without large losses in overallfood production. This suggests the potential for complementarity among goals of food production, multiple ES,and biological and agricultural diversity for agricultural landscapes. While we cannot distinguish whether diversityis the driver, or the consequence, of ES multifunctionality, we can conclude that building diverse,multifunctional agricultural landscapes are an important goal for general system resilience and the future of foodsecurity.