Résumé
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common genetic diseases in Caucasian populations. It affects more than 7,000 patients in France in 2022. The dysfunction of the CFTR protein responsible for chloride ions transport, is the origin of the disease. This transport anomaly is responsible for the secretion of dehydrated, abnormally thick mucus and salty sweat. This phenomenon mainly impairs respiratory functions. In this context, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the most studied pathogens because they colonize the respiratory tract of a majority of CF patients. In recent years, innovative treatments have appeared: CFTR protein modulators, which have brought numerous benefits in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Their impact on lung microbiota and respiratory bacterial and fungal colonisation has also been demonstrated, colonizations with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus decreasing following the initiation of these treatments. There are fewer periods of exacerbation and, consequently, a slower decline in respiratory function. Studies must continue to better evaluate the impact of these treatments on lung colonization, as well as for less studied pathogens in this pathology.