Résumé
Alzheimer's disease affects nearly 900,000 people in 2019 and each year 225,000 new cases are diagnosed in France. This disease is caused in part by an accumulation of amyloid β peptides in the form of senile plaques in the cerebral cortex and chronic neuro-inflammation. Recent publications have highlighted a link between the accumulation of amyloid β peptides and the intestinal microbiota, which would indeed be able to produce this peptide. In addition, certain so-called "pro-inflammatory" bacterial species are found in abundance in patients with Alzheimer's disease that may contribute to neuro-inflammation. This thesis focuses on the possible relationship between the onset of Alzheimer's disease and the intestinal microbiota in humans as well as the therapeutic perspectives that the use of probiotics or the transplantation of fecal microbiota could offer to delay the disease.