Résumé
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a bacterial infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis also called meningococci. This complex infection is described as unpredictable, uncommon, severe, progresses rapidly and fatal. Every year 1.2 million cases are estimated worldwide, including 135,000 deaths. IMD is a major global public health challenge. Meningococci of serogroups A, B, C, W, X and Y are responsible for 95% of cases, with a variable geographical distribution. IMD occurs sporadically or evolves into outbreaks. The main clinical manifestations are meningitis and meningococcemia. IMD is difficult to diagnose and has life-threatening consequences within 24 hours. Time matters! Serious long-term sequelae are observed. Meningococcal vaccination is the most effective way to reduce its incidence, burden, and impacts. Many vaccination strategies recommend this routine immunization programs. 20 vaccines exist, including 4 pentavalent under study. MenACWY conjugate polysaccharide vaccines offer broader protection than monovalent. MenB recombinant proteins vaccines are also essential. This work aims to a better understanding of this infection and of the stakes of its vaccination in the global fight against IMD. This manuscript presents the most recent studies and data related to IMDs and raises awareness of the difficulties in diagnostic and the need for rapid management. Vaccination strategies and vaccination programs implemented in the United States, Europe and France are presented.