Résumé
The first section analyzes the anatomy of the retina, detailing both its macroscopic and microscopic structures, including the pigment epithelium, photoreceptors, and the macula. The pathophysiology of AMD is then examined, emphasizing the various stages of the disease up to exudative AMD, with particular attention to neovascularization and its classifications, and a discussion of the link between exudative AMD and geographic atrophy. The global and French epidemiology of exudative AMD is detailed, followed by an analysis of risk factors such as oxidative stress, blood markers, nutrition, smoking, and light exposure. Treatments for exudative AMD are addressed in two main categories: older treatments (such as laser photocoagulation and photodynamic therapy) and anti-VEGF treatments, with a distinction between drug generations. The most recent options and gene therapies are also covered. The evolution of therapeutic regimens, including fixed and variable interval treatments, is discussed. Finally, the thesis addresses challenges related to treatment, such as managing retinal fluids, resistance to anti-VEGF drugs, and issues of treatment adherence. The conclusion summarizes advancements and future perspectives in managing exudative AMD.