Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the organization of DNA into chromatin not only ensures its compaction into nucleus, but also serves as a dynamic structure that offers a range of possibilities for regulating DNA transactions, such as transcription, DNA replication and repair. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which is constituted of 147 bp of DNA wrapped with an octamer composed of histone proteins. This nucleosome structure is versatile showing distinct variations, including post-translational modifications of histone proteins. Histone modifications contribute to the regulation of genome functions by altering directly the nucleosome structure or through the recruitment of specific chromatin-binding proteins. In this regard, the lysine 20 of histone H4 (H4K20) can be modified to generate three different methylation states: mono- (me1), di- (me2), and trimethylation (me3), with a unique activity being coupled to the specific extent of methylation on this lysine residue. PR-Set7 (also known as SET8 or SETD8) is the sole enzyme that catalyzes H4K20me1, whereas H4K20me2 and H4K20me3 occur through the action of Suv4-20h, which requires PR-Set7-induced H4K20me1 as a substrate. These enzymes are essential since knockout studies have shown that both PR-Set7 and Suv4-20h are required for mouse development and their loss causes DNA damage and cell cycle defects. However, the functions of different H4K20 methylation states and the associated enzymes still remain poorly understood.The work carried out during this thesis reveals that the concerted activity of PR-Set7 and Suv4-20h is required for the timely control of (i) heterochromatin assembly on nascent DNA and (ii) the licensing of a critical subset of late-firing origins necessary for the replication of heterochromatin regions in the following cell cycle. Both functions depend on the conversion of H4K20me1 to H4K20me3 and the specific recruitment of the H4K20me-binding protein LRWD1/ORCA. Accordingly, siRNA-mediated PR-Set7 depletion triggers a defective interphase chromatin compaction in cells that exit of mitosis, which in turn favor a non-specific chromatin loading of ORC and MCMs subunits of pre-replication complexes. Finally and consistent with a key role of H4K20 methylation in heterochromatin formation and replication, my thesis work contributes to reveal that up-regulation of PR-Set7 is a poor prognosis factor in multiple myeloma and that its inhibition by specific chemical compounds might be a great interest for cancer treatment in near future.