Abstract
Differential equations constitute an important tool for theinvestigation of algebraic and analytic varieties, over thecomplex and the p-adic numbers. In the p-adic setting, theypresent phenomena that do not appear in the complex case. Indeed, theradius of convergence of the solutions of a linear differential equation,even without presence of poles. The knowledge of that radius permits to obtain several interestinginformations about the equation. More precisely, since the works ofF. Baldassarri, we know how to associate a radius of convergece to allpoint of a p-adic curve in the sense of Berkovich endowed with aconnexion. Recent works of F. Baldassarri, K.S. Kedlaya, J. Poineau, etA. Pulita have proved that this radius behave in a very controlledway. The radius of convergence can be refined using subsidiary radii,that are known to have similar properties. In order to push forward the study, we introduce a geometric object that refine this radius, thespectrum in the sense of Berkovich of a differential equation.In the present thesis, we define the spectrum of a differentialequation and provide its first properties. We also compute the spectraof some classes of differential modules: differential modules ofa differential équation with constant coefficients, singular regulardifferential modules and at last differential modules over the field ofLaurent power series.