Abstract
Global changes affect biodiversity at all spatial, temporal and biological scales. In order to mitigate the human impact on nature, we must balance our activitis with biodiversity dynamics. To this end, scientific ecology must provide the scientific knowledge necessary for the understanding and prediction of biodiversity responses facing environmental changes. However, understanding the processes by which human activities affect the ecological diversity is still limited by the separation of ecology in different geographical, temporal, and biological levels.My work investigated birds’ communities responses to climate change by adopting an integrative view of global changes ecology. I precisely sought to show how considering interactions between different scales can unveil the processes involved in over large scales community responses previously described. By analyzing data from long-term monitoring of common breeding birds in Europe (France, Sweden) and North-America, I proposed proposed a multi-scale consideratin of space, time and levels of organizations. By confronting different scales, my work has shown that:(i) thermal recomposition of communities is a non-linear response to temperature variations locally determined, probably via demographic processes influenced by temperature anomalies.(ii) the amount of protected areas, habitat diversity and landscape topography promotes the response of common birds to local temperature variations.(iii) community level responses are shaped by the interaction between the species dynamics and their their thermal niche: both abundant species and rare species with cold thermal niches are responsible for the observed community dynamics.(iv) climate change drives a part of the biotic homogenization process. Local temperature changes lead to a relative loss of habitat-specialist and functionally original species, probably via the relaxation of environmental filters on the assembly of communities.I discussed the implications of these results on our understanding of the processes underlying the impact of climate change on the functional composition of communities, as well as adaptation of our land-management strategies. In conclusion, I suggest to move towards a more unified ecology by taking more explicitly and systematically into account the interactions between scales. I argue that such a change is necessary for the development of a more mature and predictive ecology able to took on the challenge imposed by the ongoing biodiversity crisis.