Abstract
Invasion of the extracellular matrix is the first obstacle that solid tumours encounter during their metastatic dissemination. There are two main mechanisms: 1) epithelial to mesenchymal transition wherein epithelial cells lose their intercellular cohesion and convert to individual migratory behaviours to escape their point of origin; 2) invasion in a collective manner, in which a group or cluster of cohesive cancer cells detaches from the tumour mass and progressively, pushes its way through the microenvironment. It is now known that circulating tumour cell clusters may result from the evasion of cohesive small groups of cells from tumours and such tumour cell clusters display an increased propensity to colonize distant organs in mouse models. However, the extracellular factor/s and the underlying mechanism that enable cell detachment, as clusters are largely unknown. To study the process of tumour cell detachment and invasion, we used a three-dimensional (3D) multicellular tumour spheroid (MCTS) model, which mimics the microenvironment as well as morphological, functional and symmetric geometry features of the primary tumour. Our results strongly indicate that the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a matricellular protein found in high concentration at the invasive front of most cancers, promotes cancer cell cluster detachment and a collective invasion phenotype within MCTS of breast cancer MCF7 and colon cancer HCT116 cell lines. We found that PAI-1 has a de-adhesive effect which induced a multilayered cell clustering of cells spread out on a pro-adhesive matrices in 2D monolayer cultures. Cells retained their epithelial characteristics and membrane-localized E-cadherin despite significant modification of actin dynamics. PAI-1 functions as a de-adhesive molecule most likely involved low-density lipoprotein receptors at the cell surface. We report that the downstream intracellular events may be mediated through the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and Janus kinases (JAK) signalling pathway, resulting in phosphorylation of either myosin light chain 2 (MLC2), which is required for myosin II-mediated contractility or STAT3 transcription factors. In addition, ROCK, a known contributor to actomyosin contractility is involved in STAT3 phosphorylation and activation. Inhibition of ROCK and JAK restored adhesion of cells on 2D substratum and reduced their migration/invasion within 3D MCTS model. Our data support a model in which PAI-1 generates actomyosin contractility and high membrane activity at the tumour periphery in a JAK-STAT/ROCK-MLC2 dependent manner promoting the detachment of highly invasive cell clusters. This novel axis of functional signalling of PAI-1 is a potential anti-metastasis target.