Résumé
This PhD aims to offer a methodology to change shore underwater marine systems into artificial habitat for ecosystem and fisheries exploitation. The objective is to give additional tools and answers to professionals specialised in fisheries and ecosystems management. The methodology is geo-systemic, it aims to integrate these changes into the ecosystem and socio-economic systems of artisanal shore fisheries (strategy type ICAM). The studies conducted on site in Japan taught us how to handle the integration of the underwater world through the relationship between species and their living space. This approach leads us to change the concept of "artificial reef" to the concept of "artificial habitat” as living spaces adapted for species living in a shore environment. The comparison of techniques from Japan, Portugal and France (the priority for these countries is to improve their marine parks with artificial habitat in order to help fishery related professions) helped us to identify a lack of global methodology in France. It is this global methodology that we want to define. The essence of this methodology is based on the relationship between society and nature at two levels: biophysical and socio-economical. It’s organised by typology of artificial living space. Its application on one case study allows us to understand its limits and the necessity to define a common way of using such spaces. AH are participative transactional tools during concerted phases. We demonstrate that the wish to improve underwater living space enables the limitation and familiarization of shore territories which was until now unknown. The preservation of the shore ecosystems made possible by this methodology could assist in a balanced development of territorial collectivity.