Abstract
Emerging PV technologies, such as perovskite material, represent an exciting avenue to propel solar energy to the forefront. Several intrinsic properties of perovskite, such as a high absorption coefficient, long carrier scattering lengths, and possible bandgap tuning, already contributed to demonstrate the high potential of this new PV technology. The rapid improvement in the performance of perovskite-based devices has made them the rising star of the PV world. Today, the best device has an efficiency of 25.5%. However, the transfer of perovskite-based photovoltaic devices to large-scale manufacturing processes remains a real challenge. In this thesis, we focused on the various issues related to the transfer of perovskite material to scalable deposition methods. During the past few years, remarkable progress in large-scale PSC manufacturing has been made, quickly improving the efficiency and scale of PSCs modules. These developments were easily transferred to tandem structures, resulting in efficiency increases that closely followed the trend of single-junction silicon devices. On the other hand, the efficiencies of large-area PSC modules are still significantly lower than those of single-cell devices, highlighting the need for further research. With this in mind, we focused on the composition of the perovskite precursor solution to address the new constraints of large-scale fabrication. This thesis is divided into four chapters.First, a chapter is devoted to a state of the art on photovoltaics and, more specifically, on perovskite-based solar cells. Then, we described all the steps leading to the fabrication of a complete device. For the absorption layer, a combined slot-die deposition and vacuum suction system has been developed throughout this work. In this second part, the slot-die deposition parameters have been optimized. These parameters were then used to study the addition of a zwitterionic surfactant in the perovskite precursor solution.The third chapter is devoted to the fabrication of a perovskite layer with the addition of MACl as a complexing agent. The characteristics of the perovskite material as a function of the additive concentration and annealing conditions are presented. We also studied the stability of complete perovskite-based encapsulated devices exposed to solar illumination for 300 hours. Finally, 12 cm² modules have been fabricated with an optimized MACl ratio. In the last chapter, zwitterionic surfactant and MACl properties were combined to obtain a high quality perovskite layer. Special attention was paid to the surface roughness properties. In this part, the performance of solar devices with two different hole transport layers (Spiro-OMeTAD and PTAA) were compared. With the ultimate goal of validating the potential compatibility of our structure for tandem applications, we fabricated semi-transparent devices and characterized their performance. Finally, the potential efficiencies of pseudo-tandem devices have been calculated