Abstract
Leishmania and Trypanosoma brucei are protozoan parasites responsible for worldwide distributed severe diseases. No vaccine is available and the treatment relies upon a limited number of drugs, which are costly, often toxic and not highly efficient, and for which resistances are increasing. Hence the necessity to urgently discover novel drug targets with the aim of developing new drug treatments which would be more efficient, less toxic and if possible cheaper.Trypanosomatids, of which the genome has been entirely sequenced, exhibit numerous peculiarities in their cell and molecular biology, for example a single and complex mitochondrial DNA network termed kinetoplast. Also, their development follows a ‘double' cell cycle ensuring the replication of, on the one hand, the nucleus (classical mitosis) and on the other hand, the “basal body-kinetoplast” whole, of which the correct segregation conditions cytokinesis. They also possess tow types of proteasomes, one classical one (26S) and one of the prokaryotic type, more specific and absent in human, the HslVU complex. We have shown that HslVU is located exclusively in the single mitochondrion of these parasites and, in T. brucei, that it is essential to parasite's survival. Indeed, its RNAinterference-based knockdown leads to a cytokinesis block followed par cell death. The first aim of this work was to try to better understand the role of HslVU in the ‘kinetoplast-associated' cell cycle in these parasites that already possess a classical proteasome. Putting an end to several contradictory publications, we confirmed the mitochondrial location of this complex in Leishmania and T. brucei. For the first time, we also demonstrate that it is just as essential in bloodstream forms (those present in the mammalian host) than in procyclic forms. We finally show a differentiated role for the different subunits of the complex in the progress of the kinetoplast-associated cell cycle.The second aim of this work was to identify novel mitochondrial proteins which would participate in the regulation of the kinetoplast-associated cell cycle. To do this, we developed a ‘semi-systematic' screening approach using RNA interference for 104 mitochondrial proteins, most of them being of unknown function. If the inhibition of most of these proteins (64) had no effect on cell growth, that of the 42 remaining ones induced a moderate or severe growth defect. Surprisingly, this inhibition yielded significant and more or less visible modifications of the cell cycle progress, suggesting that the latter is dependent upon multiple cell functions.Finally, this study validates the HslVU proteasome as a pertinent drug target, particularly for the bloodstream forms of T. brucei. The functional differentiation of HslU1 and HslU2 and the independent activity of HslV are intriguing and give a complex picture of the functioning of this proteasome. On the other hand, the RNA interference data suggest a cell cycle regulation which would be highly integrated to the whole of the cell activities.