Abstract
Nuclear receptors are members of ligand-inducible factors that regulate the transcription of many genes. Nuclear receptor RevErbα constitutively inhibits the transcription of target genes via the recruitment of the corepressor complex NCor-HDAC3 (Nuclear CoRepressor and Histone DeAcetylase 3). This complex plays an important role in controlling the circadian clock and glucogenesis via regulation of the transcription of the G6Pase (Glucose-6-Phosphatase) and PEPCK (PhosphoEnol Pyruvate Carboxy Kinase) genes, both coding for proteins involved in glucogenesis, which is central to type 2 diabetes. Here we have investigated the interaction of the nuclear receptor RevErbα with two corepressors: its establish partner, NCor and SMRT (Silencing Mediator for Retinoid and Thyroid Receptors). Despite literature reports that SMRT and RevErbα do not interact functionally in vivo, we choose to study this interaction because of sequence similarity between the two corepressors, because peptides of both corepressors were reported to interact with other nuclear receptors. To investigate these interactions, we used two complementary fluorescence techniques: In vitro assays based on fluorescence anisotropy and an in cellulo fluorescence microscopy technique called Number & Brightness. In addition to the interactions between the CoRs and the RN, we were interested in determining the effects of several ligands on these interaction. Three ligands were tested: heme, which is reported to be the natural ligand of RevErbα and two synthetic and non-naturals ligands of RevErbα (SGN and SD7). By fluorescence anisotropy (in vitro) we confirmed and quantitated the interaction between purified RevErbα Ligand Binding Domain (LBD) and an NCoR peptide containing the major interaction domains (ID1) for RevErbα and revealed the effect of the three ligands on this interaction. We quantitated as well, the interaction between RevErbα and other peptides from NCor corresponding to the other interaction domains (ID2 and ID3) for it binding to RevErbα. We found a destabilizing effect of heme and SD7 binding to RevErbα on it interaction with NCor in vitro, whereas the ligand SGN enhanced the complex stability. We also confirmed an interaction between RevErbα and a SMRT peptide corepressor in vitro. In order to examine these interactions in a more functionally relevant context using full length proteins, we used 2 photon 2 colors Cross Number and Brightness (N&B), an fluorescence microscopy technique based on fluorescence intensity fluctuations to study specific interactions of full length RevErbα with NCor and SMRT in cellulo as well as the effect of several ligands above mentioned. Under the conditions of our studies, we find that RevErbα and NCor interact strongly in cellulo, and we observed a slight enhancement of this interaction by the SGN ligand. No effect of heme or SD7 was observed on the complex. We show as well for the first time that RevErbα forms complexes with the full length SMRT corepressor in cellulo. Future extensions of these studies could be aimed at identifying ligands that enhance the recruitment of the corepressor complex NCor/HDAC3 by RevErbα, thus leading to a decrease expression of the target genes. Ultimately such a ligand could be of interest in the quest to decrease blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.