Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression represent the outcome of the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Global changes in the epigenome are now considered as a common hallmark of malignancies. However, most of our present knowledge represents the result of the comparison between fully established malignancies and their surrounding healthy tissue. Such comparison is not informative about the epigenetic contribution to the very early steps of cancer onset. By performing DNA methylation and gene expression profiling of the intestinal epithelium of relevant in vivo models we aim at shedding light on the correlation between the interindividual epigenetic polymorphisms within the population and the relative risk to develop malignancies, and establish the existence of a molecular signature associated with an increased susceptibility to develop intestinal cancer. Our results confirm that a considerable degree in the variability associated to cancer susceptibility cannot be ascribed to major genetic changes and that such heterogeneity seems to correlate with distinct molecular profiles associated to classes of poorly or highly susceptible isogenic animals.We also investigated in vivo the timing at which the remodeling occur at the epigenomic scale by analyzing the alterations in the DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of intestinal stem cells upon the loss of the Apc gene, the most common genetic lesion associated with human colorectal cancer initiation. We found that the loss of function of Apc in the Lgr5-positive intestinal stem cell compartment is rapidly accompanied by a reprogramming of the DNA methylation profiles resulting in altered gene expression and impaired fate determination in those cells. The results show that part of the phenotype resulting from the constitutive activation of the Wnt pathway upon Apc loss is acquired via differential epigenetic regulation of key biological processes controlling the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. By using conditional genetic ex vivo models we found part of these oncogenic effects to be reversible via the modulation of the machinery responsible for de novo methylation of the DNA.Overall, this work confirms that the epigenetic remodeling is an early event in tumorigenesis that might even precede actual cell transformation. The functional impact of our findings on cancer initiation is currently under investigation.