Abstract
Interactions with pollinators are part of orchids’ ecological niches and have played a role in their taxonomic and floral diversification. During this thesis, I have analysed the architecture of the orchid-pollinator network in the Euro-Mediterranean region and shown that similarity in pollination niches between orchids primarily depends on their spatio-temporal distribution, suggesting that orchid-pollinator interactions are more opportunistic than previously thought. Then, I have been interested in the role of pollinators in floral trait evolution in two orchid groups. I have shown a differentiation in floral traits of the three taxa of the Anacamptis coriophora group, probably caused and maintained by a process of divergent selection. Then, by mapping interactions with pollinators and floral odours on the phylogeny of the section Pseudophrys, I have shown that floral odour evolution is conditioned by pollinator-mediated selection and by phylogenetic constraints. Finally, I have developed an integrative taxonomic approach based on molecular, morphometric and chemical data in the genus Ophrys. With this approach, I have confirmed the taxonomic rank of the three species of the O. insectifera group and proposed to merge two species pairs among Pseudophrys. A better understanding of the factors that have shaped pollination niches and of the role of pollinators in floral trait evolution and speciation in Euro-Mediterranean orchids should allow us to improve the conservation of these emblematic species.