Abstract
The study of faults in the upper crust generates interest in modeling their impact on fluid flow and the mechanical behavior of the earth's crust. Fault damage zones are important structures with multiple implications for resource management and earthquake studies. This thesis aims to characterize the distribution and growth of damage around faults and to study its impact on the Displacement - Damage thickness (D-T) scaling law. Two complementary approaches of field measurements and analog modeling of normal faults are developed to answer this question. This manuscript presents new results of fault damage mapping, D-T scaling in carbonate rocks, and the first analog modeling experiments of fault damage zones. The results show a heterogeneous and asymmetric distribution of damage around faults, mainly influenced by fault interactions during their growth (segmentation, conjugate faults). A D-T law specific to wall damage is established and shows a normal correlation between D and T for less than 100 m of fault displacement, and also confirms the existence of a damage thickness threshold after 100 m of displacement. To explain this law, we propose a damage zone growth model controlled by the interaction and coalescence of fault segments. Analog modeling experiments allowed the description of two new types of damage (graben damage and dip-change link damage), and show a failure mode transition during fault growth, from a segmented dilatational-shear mode to a localized compactional-shear mode. They also demonstrate that initiation of segmentation, segment activity selection, interaction and coalescence processes control the development of fault damage zones and the D-T law. We propose that the thickness of the faulted brittle layer is a main controlling parameter of segmentation, strain localization, and the fault damage thickness threshold observed.