Abstract
The Stomoxys genus includes 18 recognized species (Zumpt, 1973), only Stomoxys calcitrans became cosmopolitan. The phylogenetic analysis shows the Stomoxys paraphyly, due to the inclusion of Prostomoxys saegerae in the group. Phylogenetic constructions present three distinct clades, which correspond to the biogeography. The basal emergence of S. indicus suggests an Oriental origin of the Stomoxys genus, around the end of the Oligocene. The molecular divergence, estimated at 16.3 million years, between S. niger niger and S. niger bilineatus proposes the rise of these two subspecies to the rank of species. S. calcitrans phylogeographic study shows the presence of an Oriental lineage differentiated from the remainder. The diversity indices suppose the existence of two refugia. The first one would be in the Oriental region, with restricted recolonisation. The second one is probably African, and allowed the recolonisation of the other regions. The time expansion of S. calcitrans is probably related to the process of domestication and/or to the last glaciation period.