Résumé
Chronic viral hepatitis is a major public health issue worldwide in the field of infectious dis and mostly affects resource-constrained countries. The challenge for the resource-limited countries is to implement the strategies for screening and management of viral hepatitis, particularly for hepatitis C among people who inject drugs.In this thesis we have evaluated new tests and strategies to improved diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of HCV and HIV infection in low resource setting. The first study evaluated the performances of HIV testing using filter paper (DSS – Dried serum spot) compared with rapid tests during the early phase of HIV infections. A total of 39 serum samples form newly diagnosed HIV infected persons was included. Fourth generation immunoassays (ElecsysCombi PT test reactive and Liaison XL test reactive) identified 34 out of 39 HIV early infections using dried serum spot, whereas the Determine TM HIV-1/2 rapid test detected 24 out of 39 HIV positive serum (87.2% vs 61.5% respectively, p = 0.009). Fourth generation Ag/Ab immunoassays performed on DSS had good performance for HIV testing during the early phases of HIV infection. In the second study, we conducted a cross-sectional study aimed to assess the proportion of clinically significant fibrosis in HIV/HCV-co-infected patients followed in Viet Tiep Hospital in Haiphong, Northern Vietnam. From February to March 2014, 104 HIV-HCV coinfected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were prospectively enrolled. 93 (89.4%) had detectable HCV RNA, median 6.19 (4.95-6.83 Log10 IU/mL). Patients were mainly infected with genotypes 1a/1b (69%) and genotypes 6a/6e (26%). 43 patients (41.3%) had fibrosis ≥ F2 including 24 patients (23.1%) with extensive fibrosis (F3) and/or cirrhosis (F4). Using Fibroscan® as a gold standard, the high threshold (2) of AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) had very good performances for the diagnosis of extensive fibrosis/cirrhosis (Se: 90%, Sp: 84%, AUROC=0.93, 95%CI: 0.86-0.99).In the last study, the impact of pegylated interferonα (PegINFα) and ribavirin therapy on T cell immune response was explored in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. Concentrations of 25 cytokines and CD8+ T cell activation were monitored in HCV/HIV co-infected patients. Results were compared between patients retrospectively classified as sustained virological responders (SVR, n=19) and non-responders (NR, n = 11). High pretreatment concentrations of IP-10 (CXCL-10) and MCP-1 (CCL-2) were associated with poor anti-HCV response. Highest rise in MIP-1β; and MCP-1 levels was observed four weeks after anti-HCV treatment initiation in SVR compared to NR, whereas a decrease of IL-8 concentration was associated with treatment failure (p= 0.052). Treatment based on drugs having immunomodulating activities may benefits from immunomonitoring using multiplex techniques. In conclusion, improving access to HIV and HCV diagnosis and monitoring are critical toward the control of these infections. Our work performed illustrate how dried blood spot, point of care testing, Fibroscan and simplified assays may contribute to HIV and HCV care in low resource setting. Key word : Co-infection HIV-HCV, IV drug user, dried blood Spot, liver fibrosis, fibroscan, APRI, Pegylated interferon, Vietnam.